ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of in vitro radiosensitivity parameters of breast cancer cells following exposure to radiotherapy hospital-based facilities
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to assess the radiosensitivity parameters for SK-BR-3 (SKBR3) breast cancer cells that could be implemented in the cutting-edge treatment planning systems (TPS) for accelerated partial-breast irradiation (APBI). Materials and Methods: The cell survival fraction and its relevant radiosensitivity coefficients, namely α and β, in linear-quadratic (LQ) formalism were evaluated for 6 MV X-rays and 60Co γ-rays using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. During the irradiation time, the medium temperature was kept at 4°C to prevent the repair of sublethal radiation damages over the exposure time and keep the survival fractions independent of the dose rate. Results: Fitting the LQ model to experimental data, α, β, and α/β radiosensitivity parameters were obtained as 0.156±0.027 Gy-1, 0.026±0.007 Gy-2,and 6.0 Gy for 6 MV X-rays and 0.162±0.028 Gy-1, 0.028±0.007 Gy-2, and 5.8 Gy for 60Co gamma radiation, respectively. The average relative biological effectiveness (RBE) values were 0.91 and 0.96 for 6 MV X-rays and 60Co γ-rays, respectively. The derived LQ parameters were also compared with those previously obtained from in vitro studies for different breast cancer cell lines using various regimes, such as radiotherapy modality with different dose rates and delivered doses. Conclusion: The results of this study provided essential constant values for α and β parameters. The data could be useful for the improvement of TPS to include the effect of different biological responses to radiation in APBI treatment plans.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10203_4d4d406b80de531d77f15912960037ff.pdf
2018-07-01
132
139
10.22038/ijmp.2018.26394.1267
Radiotherapy
Relative Biological
Effectiveness
Cell Survival
In Vitro Techniques
Samaneh
Babazadeh Toloti
samaneh.babazadehtoloti@mail.um.ac.ir
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Laleh
Rafat Motavalli
rafat@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hashem
Miri Hakimabad
mirihakim@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
3
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Samira
Mohammadi-Yeganeh
smyeganeh@gmail.com
4
Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Eftekhar
Rajab-Bolokat
ivnaarg@gmail.com
5
Department of Radiation Oncology, Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Smith BD, Arthur DW, Buchholz TA, Haffty BG, Hahn CA, Hardenbergh PH, et al. Accelerated partial breast irradiation consensus statement from the American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009 Jul 15;74(4):987-1001.
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Cox JA, Swanson TA. Current modalities of accelerated partial breast irradiation. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2013 Jun 1;10(6):344-56.
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Tokatlı F, Dincer M. Breast-Conserving Therapy: Hypofractionated and Conventional Whole-Breast Irradiation and Accelerated Partial-Breast Irradiation. In: Aydiner A, Igci A, Soran A editors. Breast Disease: Management and Therapies. 1st ed. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. 2016; 233-47.
3
Ruiz de Almodóvar JM, Núñez MI, McMillan TJ, Olea N, Mort C, Villalobos M, et al. Initial radiation-induced DNA damage in human tumour cell lines: a correlation with intrinsic cellular radiosensitivity. Br J Cancer. 1994 Mar 1;69(3):457-62.
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Marthinsen AB, Gisetstad R, Danielsen S, Frengen J, Strickert T, Lundgren S. Relative biological effectiveness of photon energies used in brachytherapy and intraoperative radiotherapy techniques for two breast cancer cell lines. Acta Oncol. 2010 Nov 1;49(8):1261-8.
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Steel GG, Deacon JM, Duchesne GM, Horwich A, Kelland LR, Peacock JH. The dose-rate effect in human tumour cells. Radiother Oncol. 1987 Aug 1;9(4):299-310.
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Guerrero M, Li XA. Analysis of a large number of clinical studies for breast cancer radiotherapy: estimation of radiobiological parameters for treatment planning. Phys Med Biol. 2003 Sep 30;48(20):3307.
8
Trialists' Group TS. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial B of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. The Lancet. 2008 Apr 4;371(9618):1098-107.
9
Ray M, Tan AW, Mangunkusumo AE, Lim DK. Confocal Microscopy of Cornea. In: Ng E. Y. K, Acharya U. R, Rangayyan R. M, Suri J. S editors. Ophthalmological Imaging and Applications, 1st ed. Florida: CRC Press; 2014; 195-214.
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Buch K, Peters T, Nawroth T, Sänger M, Schmidberger H, Langguth P. Determination of cell survival after irradiation via clonogenic assay versus multiple MTT Assay-A comparative study. Radiat Oncol. 2012 Jan 3;7(1):1.
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Andreo P, Burns D T, Hohlfeld K, Huq M S, Kanai T, Laitano F, et al. Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An International Code of Practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water. 1st ed. Vienna: IAEA Technical Report Series No. 398; 2000.
12
Scott BR, Hutt J, Lin Y, Padilla MT, Gott KM, Potter CA. Biological microdosimetry based on radiation cytotoxicity data. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012 Aug 5;153(4):417-24.
13
Kloss FR, Singh S, Hächl O, Rentenberger J, Auberger T, Kraft A, et al. BMP-2 immobilized on nanocrystalline diamond-coated titanium screws; demonstration of osteoinductive properties in irradiated bone. Head Neck. 2013 Feb 1;35(2):235-41.
14
Calipel A, Lux AL, Guérin S, Lefaix JL, Laurent C, Bernaudin M, et al. Differential Radiosensitivity of Uveal Melanoma Cell Lines After X-rays or Carbon Ions Radiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2015 May 1;56(5):3085-94.
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Dale, R G, Fowler J F. Radiation repair mechanisms. In: Dale R G, Jones B editors. Radiobiological modelling in radiation oncology, 1st ed. London, UK: British Inst of Radiology; 2007; 97-105.
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Menzel HG, Wambersie A, Pihet P. The clinical RBE and microdosimetric characterization of radiation quality in fast neutron therapy. Acta Oncol. 1994 Jan 1;33(3):251-9.
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Collins AR. The comet assay for DNA damage and repair: Mol Biotechnol. 2004 Mar 1;26(3):249.
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Collins AR, Dobson VL, Dusinská M, Kennedy G, Stĕtina R. The comet assay: what can it really tell us?. Mutat Res. 1997 Apr 29;375(2):183-93.
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Mozdarani H, Nasirian B, Haeri SA. In vivo gamma-rays induced initial DNA damage and the effect of famotidine in mouse leukocytes as assayed by the alkaline comet assay. J Radiat Res. 2007 Feb 14;48(2):129-34.
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Lechtman ES. A Monte Carlo-based model of gold nanoparticle radiosensitization. (Doctoral dissertation), University of Toronto; 2013. Retrieved from https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/handle/1807/43632.
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Kelland LR, Steel GG. Dose-rate effects in the radiation response of four human tumour xenografts. Radiotherapy and oncology: Radiother Oncol. 1986 Nov 1;7(3):259-68.
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Hobbs RF, Howell RW, Song H, Baechler S, Sgouros G. Redefining relative biological effectiveness in the context of the EQDX formalism: Implications for alpha-particle emitter therapy. Radiat Res. 2013 Dec 30;181(1):90-8.
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24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of the effects of radiation type and energy on the calibration of TLD-100
Introduction: In radiation therapy, knowing the dose rates to healthy organs and tumors is beneficial, and thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) allows for this possibility. This study was aimed at determining the dose-response differences of TLDs in various types of radiation, energy levels, and dose rate calibrated with other types of radiation beams and energy and dose levels. Materials and Methods: In this study, LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) was used for dosimetry. Photon and electron irradiation was performed by Elekta Precise Linear Accelerator. First, TLDs were calibrated in three different groups of 6 MV photon, 6 MeV electron, and 60Co teletherapy photon beam with 50 cGy dose. Next, each group was irradiated with 6 MV photon, 6 MeV electron, and 60Co teletherapy photon beam separately at three different dose levels of 20, 60, and 100 cGy. Results: TLDs calibrated with electron were significantly different at all dose levels and with all types of radiation from TLDs calibrated with photon or 60Co teletherapy photon beam (P=0.000). P-value of the TLDs calibrated with 6 MV photon versus 60Co was less than 0.94. The maximum standard deviation belonged to 100 cGy irradiation, while the least pertained to 20 cGy irradiation. Conclusion: Calibration of TLDs depends on the type of radiation.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9933_c943ed65da6aac2c1fa695dfb900a729.pdf
2018-07-01
140
145
10.22038/ijmp.2017.26744.1275
Calibration
Dosimetry
energy
Irradiation
TLD
Mohammad Taghi
Bahreyni Toossi
bahreynimt@mums.ac.ir
1
Medical Physics Department, Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hamid
Gholamhosseinian
hamidgholamhosseinian@yahoo.com
2
Medical Physics Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Atefeh
Vejdani Noghreiyan
vejdania931@mums.ac.ir
3
Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran - Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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Banjade D, Raj TA, Ng B, Xavier S, Tajuddin A, Shukri A. Entrance dose measurement: a simple and reliable technique. Med Dosim. 2003 Summer;28(2):73-8.
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Medina A, Medrano S, Azorin N, Mora G. Peripheral dose measurement in breast cancer patients submitted to Tomotherapy using thermoluminescent dosimeters. 2015.
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Moscovitch M, Horowitz Y. Thermoluminescent materials for medical applications: LiF: Mg, Ti and LiF: Mg, Cu, P. Radiation measurements. 2006;41:S71-S7.
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Amols H, Weinhous M, Reinstein L. The variability of clinical thermoluminescent dosimetry systems: a multi-institutional study. Med Phys. 1987 Mar-Apr;14(2):291-5
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Horowitz Y, Olko P. The effects of ionisation density on the thermoluminescence response (efficiency) of LiF: Mg, Ti and LiF: Mg, Cu, P. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2004;109(4):331-48.
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Mobit PN, Nahum AE, Mayles P. The energy correction factor of LiF thermoluminescent dosemeters in megavoltage electron beams: Monte Carlo simulations and experiments. Phys Med Biol. 1996 Jun;41(6):979-93.
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Banaee N, Nedaie H. Evaluating the effect of energy on calibration of thermo-luminescent dosimeters 7-LiF: Mg, Cu, P (GR-207A). International Journal of radiation research. 2013;11(1):51-4.
8
Luo LZ. Extensive fade study of Harshaw LiF TLD materials. Radiation Measurements. 2008;43(2):365-70.
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Numerical Analysis of the Thermal Interaction of Cell Phone Radiation with Human Eye Tissues
Introduction: The present study aimed to present a numerical analysis of the penetration depth, specific absorption rate (SAR), and temperature rise in various eye tissues with varying distance between radiation source and exposed human eye tissues (i.e., cornea, posterior chamber, anterior chamber, lens, sclera, vitreous humor, and iris) at frequencies of 900 and1800 MHz. Materials and Methods: A theoretical model was proposed based on the tissue dielectric and thermal properties, Maxwell equations, Joules law of heating, and microscopic form of Ohm's law to find the realistic situation of the cell phone radiation interaction with various human eye tissues. Results: According to the results, the anterior chamber had the highest temperature rise, compared to the vitreous, sclera, lens, cornea, and posterior chamber. By assuming the distance of 5 cm and exposure time of 30 min, the maximum rise in temperature for the anterior chamber was estimated to be 1.2°C and 2.2°C for 900 and 1,800 MHz frequencies, respectively. Conclusion: As the findings indicated, the anterior chamber had the maximum rise in temperature, compared to other investigated tissues. This could be due to the disposal of excess heat by the perfusion of the blood in the vitreous, posterior chamber, sclera, and lens tissues and the cooling effects produced due to convection/conduction in the cornea tissue. However, the anterior chamber tissue had no such mechanism for heat disposal.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10321_dc57d00fce651ae5ac9392aa3a150be7.pdf
2018-07-01
146
150
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27164.1280
Human Eye
Temperature Elevation
Radiation Effects
DEEPAK
BASANDRAI
basandraideepak@yahoo.com
1
Lovely Professional University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amarjot
Dhami
amarjot.d@gmail.com
2
Lovely Professional University
AUTHOR
ICNIRP. Guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields (up to 300 GHz). Health Phys .1998; 41(4): 449–522.
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Morgenstern B Z, Mahoney D W, Waradley B A . Estimating total body water in children on the basis of height and weight: a reevaluation of the formulas of mellits and cheek. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002; 13: 1884–8.
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Emery A F, Kramar P, Guy A W, Lin J C . Microwave induced temperature rises in rabbit eyes in cataract research. ASME J. Heat Transfer. 1975; 97: 123–8.
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Guy A W, Chow C K . Specific absorption rates of energy in man models exposed to cellular UHF-mobile antenna fields. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 1996; 34: 671-80.
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Lin J C . Cataracts and cell-phone radiation. IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag. 2003; 45 (1): 171–4.
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Buccella C, Santis V D, Feliaiani M.Prediction of temperature increase in human eyes due to RF sources. IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat. 2007; 49 (4): 825–33.
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Basandrai D, Dhami A K . Study of penetration depth and SAR of skin tissue exposed to cellphone Radiation. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 2016; 8(3): 917-20.
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Basandrai D, Dhami A K . Study of thermal interaction of cell-phone radiations within human head tissues. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and clinical Research. 2016. DOI: 10.22159/ajpcr.2016.v9i6.14133.
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Ooi E, Ng E Y K . Stimulation of aqueous humour hydrodynamics in human eye heat transfer comut. Biol Med. 2008; 38 : 252-62.
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Ooi E, Ng E Y K . Effects of natural convection inside the anterior chamber. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering. 2011; 27 :408-23.
13
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14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Advanced Analysis of PRVEP in Anisometropic Amblyopia
Introduction: to identify the pattern-reversal visual evoked potential (PRVEP) waveform descriptor by evaluating discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in order to optimize stimulus in the diagnosis of anisometropia amblyopia. Materials and Methods: The PRVEP testing was performedfor 31 normal individuals and 35 patients with amblyopia. The stimuli were consisted of spatial frequencies of 1, 2, and 4 cycles per degree (cpd) and contrast levels of 100%, 50%, 25%, and 5%. The results were analyzed in the dimensions of time and time-frequency. DWT descriptor were extracted at level 7 (7P descriptor) for Haar, Daubechies 2, Daubechies 4, Symlet 5, Biorthogonal 3.5, Biorthogonal 4.4, and Coiflet 5 wavelets for 12 stimuli and compared between the two groups. The correlation between different spatial frequencies at the same contrast level and the similarities between reconstructed signals and original waveforms were evaluated. Results: There were a significant reduction in P100 amplitude and a significant elevation in latency among the patient group. In the patients with amblyopia, 7P descriptor decreased in all analysis except for the frequency of 4 cpd and the contrast of 5% using bior4.4. No significant correlation was observed between different frequencies at a special contrast; however, there was a significant correlation between reconstructed signals and the original ones. Conclusion: The 7P descriptor could be used to distinguish between normal and abnormal signals in anisometropia amblyopia. Considering the results, DWT with coif5, db4, bior4.4, and bior3.5 wavelets can be utilized as a good indicator for selecting optimum stimulus.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10172_ec70f71bbaaca5b401d6194bfc8db69c.pdf
2018-07-01
151
160
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27796.1298
Anisometropia
Amblyopia
Wavelet Analysis
Dimension of Time
Homa
Hassankarimi
homa_h_karimi7@yahoo.de
1
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ebrahim
Jafarzadehpur
jafarzadehpour.e@iums.ac.ir
2
Iran University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Alireza
Mohamadi
alremone@gmail.com
3
Department of Optometry, School of Rehabilitation Science, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed
Noori
smrezanoori@gmail.com
4
Departments of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
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Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. The parvocellular system an amblyopia. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 2008; 32:177-8.
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Skottun BC, Skoyles JR. On identifying magnocellular and parvocellular responses on the basis of contrast-response functions. Schizophrenia Bulletin. 2011 Jan 1; 37 (1): 23–6.
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57
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In Vitro Investigation into Plasmonic Photothermal Effect of Hollow Gold Nanoshell Irradiated with Incoherent Light
Introduction: Hollow gold nanoshells (HAuNS) are one of the most attractive nanostructures for biomedical applications due to their interesting physicochemical properties. This study sought to evaluate the plasmonic photothermal effect of HAuNS irradiated with incoherent light on melanoma cell line.
Materials and Methods: After the synthesis of nanostructures, the temperature changes of HAuNS and polyethylene glycol stabilized HAuNS (HAuNS-PEG) were evaluated at different irradiation dose levels. After determining the potential cytotoxicity of the agents, the DFW cells were irradiated by incoherent light with and without the nanostructures at different exposure doses with two spectral bands of 670±25 nm and 730±25 nm. Finally, the rate of the cell survival was determined by 1-Methyltetrazole-5-Thiol assay 24 h after irradiating.
Results: The HAuNS, HAuNS-PEG, and light exposure did not have any significant effect on the cell survival, individually. Stabilizing with PEG led to an increase in size and decreased their polydispersity index, zeta potential, and conductivity. The slopes of temperature and cell death caused by 730 nm were greater than 670 nm when the cells were irradiated in the presence of nanostructures. These changes became more significant with increasing the dose of exposure and HAuNS (or HAuNS-PEG) concentration. The lowest cell survival occurred in the concentration of 250 μg/ml of nanostructures and an exposure dose of 9 min (P<0.05).
Conclusion: the HAuNS-PEG significantly reduced its conductivity that leads to decreased plasmonic photothermal effect. Additionally, using an incoherent light with more spectral overlap for irradiating the nanostructures increased its thermal effects.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10127_e9a0e6575b2663e4329abab57e885a72.pdf
2018-07-01
161
168
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27289.1304
Polyethyleneglycol
Nanoshell
Photothermal Therapy
Incoherent Light
Armin
Imanparast
armin.imanparast@gmail.com
1
mashhad university of medical science,medical physics department
AUTHOR
Neda
Attaran
n_attarankak@yahoo.com
2
Assistant Professor of Organic Chemistry, Applied Biophotonics Research Center, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ameneh
Sazgarnia
sazgarniaa@mums.ac.ir
3
Medical Physics Dept., Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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Ban Q, Bai T, Duan X, Kong J. Noninvasive photothermal cancer therapy nanoplatforms via integrating nanomaterials and functional polymers. Biomaterials Science. 2017;5:190-210.
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Zou L, Wang H, He B, Zeng L, Tan T, Cao H, et al. Current Approaches of Photothermal Therapy in Treating Cancer Metastasis with Nanotherapeutics. Theranostics. 2016;6:762-72.
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Hwang S, Nam J, Jung S, Song J, Doh H, Kim S. Gold nanoparticle-mediated photothermal therapy: current status and future perspective. Nanomedicine. 2014;9:2003-22.
4
Huang X, El-Sayed MA. Plasmonic photo-thermal therapy (PPTT). Alexandria Journal of Medicine. 2011;47:1-9.
5
Choi J, Yang J, Jang E, Suh JS, Huh YM, Lee K, et al. Gold nanostructures as photothermal therapy agent for cancer. Anti-cancer agents in medicinal chemistry. 2011;11:953-64.
6
Kafshdooz L, Kafshdooz T, Razban Z, Akbarzadeh A. The application of gold nanoparticles as a promising therapeutic approach in breast and ovarian cancer. Artificial cells, nanomedicine, and biotechnology. 2016;44:1222-7.
7
Nicol JR, Dixon D, Coulter JA. Gold nanoparticle surface functionalization: a necessary requirement in the development of novel nanotherapeutics. Nanomedicine (London, England). 2015;10:1315-26.
8
Huang X, El-Sayed MA. Gold nanoparticles: Optical properties and implementations in cancer diagnosis and photothermal therapy. Journal of Advanced Research. 2010;1:13-28.
9
Lal S, Clare SE, Halas NJ. Nanoshell-enabled photothermal cancer therapy: impending clinical impact. Accounts of chemical research. 2008;41:1842-51.
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Singhana B, Slattery P, Chen A, Wallace M, Melancon MP. Light-activatable gold nanoshells for drug delivery applications. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;15:741-52.
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Chen J, Liang H, Lin L, Guo Z, Sun P, Chen M, et al. Gold-Nanorods-Based Gene Carriers with the Capability of Photoacoustic Imaging and Photothermal Therapy. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2016;8:31558-66.
12
Jiang T, Zhang B, Shen S, Tuo Y, Luo Z, Hu Y, et al. Tumor Microenvironment Modulation by Cyclopamine Improved Photothermal Therapy of Biomimetic Gold Nanorods for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinomas. ACS applied materials & interfaces. 2017;9:31497-508.
13
Xia Y, Li W, Cobley CM, Chen J, Xia X, Zhang Q, et al. Gold nanocages: from synthesis to theranostic applications. Accounts of chemical research. 2011;44:914-24.
14
Patrick WA, Wagner HB. Method for Complete Deoxygenation of Water. Analytical Chemistry. 1949;21:752-3.
15
Schwartzberg AM, Olson TY, Talley CE, Zhang JZ. Synthesis, Characterization, and Tunable Optical Properties of Hollow Gold Nanospheres. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B. 2006;110:19935-44.
16
Abbasi S, Servatkhah M, Keshtkar MM. Advantages of using gold hollow nanoshells in cancer photothermal therapy. Chinese Physics B. 2016 Jun 25;25(8):087301.
17
You J, Zhang G, Li C. Exceptionally high payload of doxorubicin in hollow gold nanospheres for near-infrared light-triggered drug release. ACS nano. 2010 Feb 1;4(2):1033-41.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of X-Ray Crosstalk in a Computed Tomography Scanner with Small Detector Elements Using Monte Carlo Method
Introduction: Crosstalk is a leakage of X-ray or light produced in a matrix of X-ray detectors or array of photodiodes in one element to other elements affecting on image contrast and spatial resolution. In this study, we assessed X-ray crosstalk in a computed tomography (CT) scanner with small detector elements to estimate the effect of various parameters such as X-ray tube voltage, detector element sizes, scintillator material, impurities in the scintillator material, and the material of detector separators on X-ray crosstalk. Materials and Methods: This study was performed using Monte Carlo simulation. In the first step, X-ray tube and its energy spectrum at the energies of 80, 100, 120, and 140 keV were simulated and validated by using SpekCalc and t-test. Then, other important parts of CT scanner, namely filters, detectors, and grids were simulated. X-ray crosstalk between CT detectors was calculated in air and in the presence of water phantom (as a simulator of human body) to compare the effect of scattered photons. Finally, the influence of some important parameters on X-ray crosstalk was evaluated. Results: In CT scanner with small elements, when using phantom, crosstalk increases by 16-50%. Using the lowest possible energies of X-ray, decreases the crosstalk up to 43% of its initial amount. Furthermore coating a 10 or 20 µm layer of tungsten or lead on the detector separators, decreases the X-ray crosstalk significantly. Conclusion: Choosing the proper high voltage, detectors’ material and its dimensions, scintillator impurities and septa material can decrease X-ray crosstalk.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9533_172dc3715dd225fcdf5bdba57687c7af.pdf
2018-07-01
169
175
10.22038/ijmp.2017.25746.1261
Computed Tomography
Detector
Monte Carlo Method
Phantom
zahra
kavousi
zahrakavusi@ymail.com
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Karimian
karimian@eng.ui.ac.ir
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering - Faculty of Engineering- University of Isfahan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Iraj
Jabbari
i_jabbari@ast.ui.ac.ir
3
Department of nuclear Engineering, Faculty of new science and technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
Ji F, Juntunen M , Hietanen I. Evaluation of electrical crosstalk in high-density photodiode arrays for X-ray imaging applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2009 Oct; 610 (1): 28-30.
2
Budoff M. J. Computed tomography. Cardiac CT Imaging. Springer; 2016. p. 3-23.
3
Safdari M, Karimian A. A New Method for Metal Artifact Reduction in CT Scan Images. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2013 Sep ; 10(2): 139-46.
4
Goushcha I, Tabbert B, Goushcha A. O. Optical and electrical crosstalk in PIN photodiode array for medical imaging applications. In Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record . NSS'07. IEEE; 2007. p. 4348-53.
5
Ikhlef A, Thrivikraman S. Crosstalk modeling of a CT detector. In Medical Imaging ; 2004. p. 906-13.
6
Ji F, Juntunen M, Hietanen I. Electrical crosstalk in front-illuminated photodiode array with different guard ring designs for medical CT applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2009 Aug; 607(1): 150-3.
7
Melnyk R , DiBianca F.A. Monte Carlo study of x-ray cross talk in a variable resolution x-ray detector. In Medical Imaging; 2003. p. 694-701.
8
Arabi H, Kamali Asl A. R, Ay M. R, Zaidi H. Novel detector design for reducing intercell x-ray cross-talk in the variable resolution x-ray CT scanner: A Monte Carlo study. Medical physics. 2011 Mar; 38(3): 1389-96.
9
Akbarzadeh A, Ay M. R, Ghadiri H, Sarkar S, Zaidi H. Measurement of scattered radiation in a volumetric 64-slice CT scanner using three experimental techniques. Physics in medicine and biology. 2010 Mar ;55(8): 2269-80.
10
Ay M. R, Shahriari M, Sarkar S, Adib M, Zaidi H. Monte Carlo simulation of x-ray spectra in diagnostic radiology and mammography using MCNP4C. Physics in medicine and biology. 2004 Oct; 49(21): 4897-917.
11
Bazalova M, Verhaegen F. Monte Carlo simulation of a computed tomography x-ray tube. Physics in medicine and biology. 2007 Sep; 52(19), 5945-55.
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General Electric Company. Technical Reference Manual; [updated 2017 Oct]. Available from: http://www.spectrumxray.com/sites/default/files/pdfs/GE-LightSpeed-CT.pdf.
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Akbarzadeh A, Ay M. R, Ghadiri H, Sarkar S. Calculation of the Scattered Radiation Profile in 64 Slice CT Scanners Using Experimental Measurement. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2009 Jun; 6(2): 1-10.
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Ay M. R, Zaidi H. Development and validation of MCNP4C-based Monte Carlo simulator for fan-and cone-beam x-ray CT. Physics in medicine and biology. 2005 Oct ;50(20): 4863-85.
15
Ay M. R , Ahmadian A, Ghadiri H, Maleki A, Ghafarian P, Zaidi H. The Influence of X-ray Spectra Filtration on Image Quality and Patient Dose in the GE VCT 64-Slice Cardiac CT Scanner. In Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering. ICBBE. 3rd International Conference on; 2009. p. 1-4.
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Ghafarain P, Ay M. R , Sarkar S, Ghadiri H, Zaidi H. Impact of x-ray tube voltage, field size and object thickness on scattered radiation distribution in diagnostic radiology: A Monte Carlo investigation. In Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. NSS'07. IEEE; 2007. p. 3830-4.
17
Mesbahi M, Zakariaee S. Effect of anode angle on photon beam spectra and depth dose characteristics for X-RAD320 orthovoltage unit. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy. 2013 Jun ; 18(3): 148-52.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Survey on the Radiation Protection Status among Radiology Staff
Introduction: Radiation exposure during radiological examination is a health concern, of which radiology professionals should be cognizant. We sought to evaluate the radiation protection knowledge, attitudes, and practice (KAP) amongst radiology staff of hospitals across 10 provinces of Iran. Materials and Methods: For evaluating the level of radiation protection KAP, 553 radiology staff were enrolled. A 32-item questionnaire was designed to assess radiation protection KAP, the validity which was confirmed by members of the Medical Physics and Biostatistics departments. The questionnaire evaluated the respondents' knowledge, practice, and attitudes towards the basic principles of radiation protection, the necessity of using protective equipment, and their performance in the implementation of radiation protection recommendations. Results: We found no significant difference in the level of radiation protection KAP between male and female radiology staff and among those with different educational levels and ages (P>0.05). However, there was a significant association between radiation protection KAP and working experience, hospital size, and hospital type (P<0.05). Further, no significant difference was observed in the radiation protection KAP level among radiology staff of different regions (P>0.05). Conclusion: Our results showed that the level of radiation protection KAP among radiology staff is inadequate. This might be due to the lack of ongoing training courses concerning protection against ionizing radiation. Thus, sustained training of radiation protection principles can promote KAP among the staff of radiology departments, and in turn, reduce public dose from medical diagnostic modalities.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10130_c4f588a76c27821bb86d4a86fbeabc2a.pdf
2018-07-01
176
182
10.22038/ijmp.2018.24725.1249
Knowledge Attitude
Professional Practice
Radiation Protection
Medical Staff
Hamed
Masoumi
hamedmedphy1368@gmail.com
1
Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Hadi
Hasanzadeh
hasanzadeh.h@gmail.com
2
Cancer Research Center and Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Majid
Jadidi
jadidim@hotmail.com
3
Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Majid
Mirmohammadkhani
majidmirmohammadkhani@yahoo.com
4
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Bitarafan-Rajabi
bitarafan@hotmail.com
5
Echocardiography Research Center, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Abedelahi
abedelahia@yahoo.com
6
Department of Anatomical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Emadi
are20935@semums.ac.ir
7
Deputy of Research and Technology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mitra
Bokharaeian
mi_bokharaiyan@yahoo.com
8
Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Shabani
9
Student Research Committee and Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Shima
Moshfegh
10
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Danial
Seifi
11
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Tahereh
Khani
12
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohamad
Pursamimi
13
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Athar
Ehtiati
14
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Hosein
Vali
15
Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Physics, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Abbas
Ziari
16
Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
AUTHOR
Sanaz
Vali
17
Student Research Committee, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Long TC, Tajuba J, Sama P, Saleh N, Swartz C, Parker J, et al. Nanosize titanium dioxide stimulates reactive oxygen species in brain microglia and damages neurons in vitro. Environ Health Perspect. 2007;1631-7.
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Rehani MM, Ciraj-Bjelac O, Vano E, Miller DL, Walsh S, Giordano BD, et al. Radiological protection in fluoroscopically guided procedures performed outside the imaging department. Annals of the ICRP. 2010; 40(6): 1-102.
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Rehani MM. The IAEA's activities in radiological protection in digital imaging. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2008;129(1-3):22-8.
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Zhou G, Wong D, Nguyen L, Mendelson R. Student and intern awareness of ionising radiation exposure from common diagnostic imaging procedures. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 20010; 54(1):17-23.
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Tilson E. Educational and experiential effects on radiographers' radiation safety behavior. Radiol Technol. 1981; 53(4):321-5.
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Shannoun F, Blettner M, Schmidberger H, Zeeb H. Radiation protection in diagnostic radiology. Deutsches arzteblatt-koln.2008; 105(3):41.
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Ekşioğlu AS, Üner Ç. Pediatric Radiology Clinic Dr. Sami Ulus Women and Children's Hospital, Ankara, Turkey. Pediatr Radiol. 2012; 18(1).
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foulady b, IbrahimiGhavamabadi, bozar m, mohamadi a, ahmadi k. Evaluation of X-Ray Radiation Levels in Radiology Departments of Two Educational Hospitals in Ahvaz, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017; 14(2):87-91.
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Kargar E, Parwaie W, Farhood B, Atazadegan Z, Afkhami Ardekani M. Assessment of Radiographers’ Awareness about Radiation Protection Principles in Hospitals of Bandar Abbas, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017; 14(1):47-52.
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Rehani MM. Status of Radiation Protection of Patients in Developing Countries. In: Dössel O, Schlegel WC, editors. World Congress on Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering. Biological Effects of Radiation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. 2009; p. 491-4.
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Rostamzadeh A, Farzizadeh M, Fatehi D. Evaluation of the Level of Protection in Radiology Departments of Kermanshah, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015; 12(3):200-8.
19
Yaremko Z, Tkachenko N, Bellmann C, Pich A. Redispergation of TiO 2 particles in aqueous solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci. 2006; 296(2):565-71.
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Baveye P, Laba M. Aggregation and toxicology of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Environ Health Perspect. 2008; 116(4): 152.
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Ferrari M. Cancer nanotechnology: opportunities and challenges. Nature Reviews Cancer. 2005; 5(3):161-71.
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Pan Z, Lee W, Slutsky L, Clark RA, Pernodet N, Rafailovich MH. Adverse effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on human dermal fibroblasts and how to protect cells. Small. 2009; 5(4):511-20.
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Nazemi Gelyan H, Makhdumi Y, Nikoofar A, Hasanzadeh H. Measurement of surface dose in external radiotherapy of brain frontal lobe: A study on patient and phantom. koomesh. 2016; 17 (2):323-8.
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Nazemi-Gelyan H, Hasanzadeh H, Makhdumi Y, Abdollahi S, Akbari F, Varshoee-Tabrizi F, et al. Evaluation of Organs at Risk’s Dose in External Radiotherapy of Brain Tumors. Iranian journal of cancer prevention. 2015; 8(1):47.
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Mokhtari-Dizaji M, Sharafi AA, Larijani B, Mokhlesian N, Hasanzadeh H. Estimating the absorbed dose to critical organs during dual X-ray absorptiometry. Korean journal of radiology. 2008;9(2):102-10.
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46
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Development of a Liver Phantom Based on Computed Tomography Images for Dosimetric Purpose
Introduction: The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a liver phantom for dosimetry. To benchmark the results obtained by the developed liver phantom, another method was applied for the dosimetry of a real liver tissue using imaging. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, a real liver tissue was converted into a phantom based on thegram-molecular weight of the components of human liver tissue, mass percentage, and density, and then simulated by MCNPX code for dosimetry. The real liver tissue was contoured using the computed tomography DICOM images of the abdomen region. Subsequently, the accurate geometry of the segmented liver tissue was generated and simulated by MATLAB software and MCNPX code for dosimetric purposes. Then, the obtained data were transferred into the MCNPX code. Results: Equivalent dose was measured in total and for each component of the liver phantom and separated liver tissue. The results obtained from these two simulations were compared with each other to validate the efficiency of the phantom and evaluated the differences. Conclusion: The comparison of the equivalent doses obtained from the prepared equivalent liver phantom and the real liver tissue revealed the applicability of the liver phantom as a virtual liver for dosimetry.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10114_0a794a328c926c71f030fecf869ae3ee.pdf
2018-07-01
183
191
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27035.1277
Computed Tomography
Dosimetry
Imaging
Liver
Phantom
Seyed Alireza
Mousavi Shirazi
alireza_moosavi@yahoo.com
1
Dehhaghi Ave; Fifth BDG; Abouzar Blvd; Piroozi St; Tehran; Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Chakraborty S, Das T, Sarma H, Venkatesh M, Banerjee S. Preparation and preliminary studies on 177Lu-labeled hydroxylapatite particles for possible use in the therapy of liver cancer. Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2008;35: 589-97.
1
Reginatto M. What can we learn about the spectrum of high-energy stray neutron fields from Bonner sphere measurements?. Rad Measur. 2009;44:692-99.
2
Mousavi Shirazi SA, Sardari D. Design and simulation of a new model for treatment by NCT. Sci Technol Nucl Ins. 2012; 2012:1-7. Doi:10.1155/2012/213640.
3
Kramer R, Cassola VF, Khoury HJ , et al. FASH and MASH: female and male adult human phantoms based on polygon mesh surfaces: II. Dosimetric calculations. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2010;55:163-89.
4
Wambaugh J, Shah I. A Model for Micro-Dosimetry in Virtual Liver Tissues. The 10th International Conference on Systems Biology Stanford. 2009 August 31-September 4; California (USA).
5
Stenvall A, Larsson E, Strand SE, Jönsson BA. A small-scale anatomical dosimetry model of the liver. Phys Med Biol. 2014; 59:3353-71. Doi: 10.1088/0031-9155/59/13/3353.
6
Postuma I, Bortolussi S, Protti N, Ballarini F, Bruschi P and et al. An improved neutron autoradiography set-up for 10B concentration measurements in biological samples. Reports of Practical Oncology and Radiotherapy. 2016;21:123-8.
7
Koivunoro H, Bleuel D, Nastasi U, Lou T, Reijonen J and et al. BNEUTRON THERAPY dose distribution in liver with epithermal D–D and D–T fusion-based neutron beams. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2004;61:853-9.
8
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Clark H. The Cure for All Diseases (FE). New Century Press, 1995.
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Högberg J, Rizell M, Hultborn R, Svensson J, Henrikson O, Mölne J , et al. Increased absorbed liver dose in Selective Internal Radiation Therapy (SIRT) correlates with increased sphere-cluster frequency and absorbed dose inhomogeneity. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 2015; 2(1):10. Doi: 10.1186/s40658-015-0113-4.
11
Lorette WT. The Chemical Composition of Adipose Tissue of Man and Mice. Exp Physiol.1962; 47:179-88.
12
Martin AD, Daniel MZ, Drinkwater DT, Clarys JP. Adipose tissue density, estimated adipose lipid fraction and whole body adiposity in male cadavers. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1994;18:79-83.
13
Otte JW, Merrick MA, Ingersoll CD, Cordova ML. Subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness alters cooling time during cryotherapy. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83:1501-5.
14
Broder V. Observations on skin thickness and subcutaneous tissue in man. Z Morph Anthrop. 1960;50:386-95.
15
Smith JT, Hawkins RM, Guthrie JA and et al. Effect of slice thickness on liver lesion detection and characterisation by multidetector CT. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 2010; 54:188-93. Doi: 10.1111/j.1754-9485.2010.02157.x.
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Hounsfield GN. Computed medical imaging. J RADIOL. 1980;61(6-7):459-68.
17
Reeves TE, Mah P, McDavid WD. Deriving Hounsfield units using grey levels in cone beam CT: a clinical application. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2012;41:500-8. Doi: 10.1259/dmfr/31640433.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Radiological Hazard Resulting from Natural Radioactivity of Soil in East of Shazand Power Plant
Introduction: Nuclear radiation is potentially harmful to humans and soil contamination with radionuclides is the main source of human radiation exposure. These radionuclides can., enter to human body through the food chain. In this study, 34 soil samples were collected from between Arak city and Shazand Power Plant over 20 km length and analyzed. Materials and Methods: The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs were measured in soil samples, using gamma-ray spectrometry and a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector. For all the samples, we calculated radiological hazards such as radium equivalent (Raeq), dose rate in air (D), internal and external hazard indices (Hin, Hex), annual gonadal dose equivalent (AGDE), and excess lifetime cancer risk. Results: The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs in the soil samples varied from 18.92 to 43.11, 25.31 to 54.27, 230.17 to 728.25, and from in and Hex wereless than unity. Excess lifetime cancer risk of the samples ranged from 0.21×10-3 to 0.31×10-3, which are close to the mean world value (0.29×10-3) butlower than the acceptable value (10-3). Conclusion: The radiological parameters estimated from the specific activities of the radionuclides in soil were within the acceptable range, and therefore, radiation exposure poses no significant risks to the resident population in the vicinity of the power plant.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10254_ad3921e98ed227f8df5f9e35c3f57a8d.pdf
2018-07-01
192
199
10.22038/ijmp.2018.26655.1272
Dose Rate
Gamma Ray Spectrometry Radionuclides
Soil
Reza
Pourimani
r-pourimani@araku.ac.ir
1
Department of Nuclear Physics,
Faculty of Science
Arak University,
Arak 38156
Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Tayebeh
Davoodmaghami
maghami.tayebe@gmail.com
2
Arak University
AUTHOR
References
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Kannana V, Rajana MP, Iyengara MA, Rameshb R .Distribution of natural and anthropogenic radionuclides in soil and beach sand samples of Kalpakam (India) using hyper pure germanium (HPGe) gamma ray spectrometry. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2002; 57:109‑19.
22
Pourimani R, Asadpour F. Determination of Specific Activities of Radionuclides in Soil and Their Transfer Factor from Soil to Bean and Calculation of Cancer Risk for Bean Consumption in Iran. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ). 2016; 19(107): 9-18.
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Puorimani R, Mazloom Shahraki M. Influence of different soil's parameters on the penetration of 137Cs. Iranian Journal of Physics Research. 2013; 13(3): 214-7.
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EC112. European Commission Report on Radiological Protection Principles Concerning the Natural Radioactivity of Building Materials. Radiation Protection 1999; 112 .
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Zaidi JH, Arif M, Ahmed S, Fatima I, Qureshi IH. Determination of natural radioactivity in building materials used in the Rawalpindi/ Islamabad area by γ-ray spectrometry and instrumental neutron activation analysis. Applied Radiation and Isotopes Journal. 1999; 51: 559-64. Doi: 10.1016/S0969-8043(99)00073-1.
26
Hasan MM, Ali MI , Paul D, Haydar MA, Islam SMA. Natural Radioactivity and Assessment of Associated Radiation Hazards in Soil and Water Samples Collected from in and around of the Barapukuria 2× 125 MW Coal Fired Thermal Power Plant, Dinajpur, Bangladesh . Journal of Nuclear and Particle Physics, 2014; 4(1): 17-24. Doi:10.5923/j.jnpp.20140401.03.
27
Avwiri, GO. Determination of Radionuclide Levels in Soil and Water around Cement Companies in Port Harcourt. J.Appl.Sci.Environ.Mgt. 2005; 9(3): 27-9.
28
Tani M, Jankovic-Mandic L, Gajic BA, Marko D, Dragovic S, Bacic G. Natural Radionuclides in Soil Pro files Sur round ing the Largest Coal-Fired Power Plant in Serbia . Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection. 2016; 31(3): 247-59. Doi:10.2298/NTRP1603247T.
29
Liu G, Luo Q, Ding M, Feng J. Natural radionuclides in soil near a coal-fired power plant in the high background radiation area, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2015; 187: 356. Doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4501-y.
30
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Design and Development of an Indigenous in-house Tissue-Equivalent Female Pelvic Phantom for Radiological Dosimetric Applications
Introduction: The present study is aimed to design and develop a tissue-equivalent pelvic phantom, mimicking the Indian female pelvic dimensions by means of locally available and cost-effective tissue substitutes having equivalent radiological properties. Materials and Methods: For the purpose of the study, the real female pelvic bones were embedded for preparation. Paraffin wax, Aloe-vera powder, purified borax, and sodium benzoate, were used to obtain the proper density and effective atomic number. A hollow three-dimensional outer surface and the internal organs moulds were fabricated using gypsona bandage. The internal organs moulds were filled with semi-solid paraffin wax mixture, stabilized, and then embedded with pelvic bones and internal organs at the right anatomical positions. The surface mould, along with the bones and internal organs, were stabilized in their position in the final form, and verified with computed tomography (CT). Results: The physical dimensions of the given female pelvic phantom were comparable with the mean dimensions of the Indian female pelvis. Furthermore this tissue-equivalent phantom was radiologically equivalent to the Indian human female pelvis in all respects. The CT numbers of the uterus, bladder, rectum, muscles, fats, bone, and cavities were 39.9, 30.5, 24.7, 34.6, -86.8, 578.6, and -220.9 HU, respectively. Furthermore, the relative electron densities of the muscle, fat and bones were 1.035, 0.913, and 0.779 in the phantom. Conclusion: The dimensions and physico-radiological properties of the tissue substitutes provided a good inhomogeneous female pelvic phantom differing in dimensions with imported pelvic phantoms. Therefore, this phantom can be used for radiological dosimetric applications.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10125_61bbfdfb9eae7affc7a0feec1ecebc7b.pdf
2018-07-01
200
205
10.22038/ijmp.2018.26717.1274
Phantom
Hounsfield Unit
Pelvis
Physico-Radiological Properties
DEEPAK
SHROTRIYA
shrotriya2007@gmail.com
1
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS, D.A-V. (P.G.) COLLEGE KANPUR (U.P.)- 208001
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ram
Yadav
ramshbadyadav@yahoo.com
2
Department of Physics, D A-V PG College Kanpur
AUTHOR
R
SRIVASTAVA
drrnlsrivastava1@gmail.com
3
Department of Radiotherapy J.K. Cancer Institute Gutaiya, Rawat Pur, Rawatpur Main Road, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208019
AUTHOR
Teerth
Verma
teerth05kashi@gmail.com
4
Department of Radiological Physics, king George Medical University, UP; Lucknow-226003 INDIA
AUTHOR
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Winslow J F, Hyer D E, Fisher R F, Tien C J, Hintenlang D E. Construction of anthropomorphic phantom for use in dosimetry studies. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2009; 10(3): 195-204.
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