ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Generating Synthetic Computed Tomography and Synthetic Magnetic Resonance (sMR: sT1w/sT2w) Images of the Brain Using Atlas-Based Method
Introduction: Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with computed-tomography (CT) is increasingly being used in radiation therapy planning. MR and CT images are applied to determine the target volume and calculate dose distribution, respectively. Since the use of these two imaging modalities causes registration uncertainty and increases department workload and costs, in this study, brain synthetic CT (sCT) and synthetic MR (sMR: sT1w/sT2w) images were generated using Atlas-based method; consequently, just one type of image (CT or MR) is taken from the patient. Material and Methods: The dataset included MR and CT paired images from 10 brain radiotherapy (RT) patients. To generate sCT/sMR images, first each MR/CT Atlas was registered to the MR/CT target image, the resulting transformation was applied to the corresponding CT/MR Atlas, which created the set of deformed images. Then, the deformed images were fused to generate a single sCT/sMR image, and finally, the sCT/sMR images were compared to the real CT/MR images using the mean absolute error (MAE). Results: The results showed that the MAE of sMR (sT1w/sT2w) was less than that of sCT images. Moreover, sCT images based on T1w were in better agreement with real CT than sCT-based T2w. In addition, sT1w images represented a lower MAE relative to sT2w. Conclusion: The CT target image was more successful in transferring the geometry of the brain tissues to the synthetic image than MR target.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11533_768a0ff439faaec1a861f84d357badba.pdf
2019-05-01
189
194
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32719.1399
Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Radiotherapy
Fariba
Farhadi Birgani
farhadibirgani.f92@gmail.com
1
Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohamad Javad
Tahmasebi Birgani
kamran.samani67@gmail.com
2
Radiation Therapy and Medical Physics Department, Golestan Hospital, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
AUTHOR
Roghayeh
Kamran Samani
kamran.samani65@gmail.com
3
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Fatemeh
Maghsoodinia
f.maghsood@gmail.com
4
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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3
Gustafsson C, Nordström F, Persson E, Brynolfsson J, Olsson L. Assessment of dosimetric impact of system specific geometric distortion in an MRI only based radiotherapy workflow for prostate. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2017;62(8):2976.
4
Uh J, Merchant TE, Li Y, Li X, Hua C. MRI‐based treatment planning with pseudo CT generated through atlas registration. Medical physics. 2014;41(5).
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Seitz M, Shukla-Dave A, Bjartell A, Touijer K, Sciarra A, Bastian PJ, et al. Functional magnetic resonance imaging in prostate cancer. European urology. 2009;55(4):801-14.
6
Rodriguez A. Principles of magnetic resonance imaging. Revista mexicana de física. 2004;50(3):272-86.
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Van Reeth E, Tham IW, Tan CH, Poh CL. Super‐resolution in magnetic resonance imaging: A review. Concepts in Magnetic Resonance Part A. 2012;40(6):306-25.
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Saboori M, Ahmadi J, Farajzadegan Z. Indications for brain CT scan in patients with minor head injury. Clinical neurology and neurosurgery. 2007;109(5):399-405.
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Noyola DE, Demmler GJ, Nelson CT, Griesser C, Williamson WD, Atkins JT, et al. Early predictors of neurodevelopmental outcome in symptomatic congenital cytomegalovirus infection. The Journal of pediatrics. 2001;138(3):325-31.
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Hyatt AP. Computed tomography: physical principles, clinical applications, and quality control. Radiography. 2009;15(4):357-8.
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Korhonen J, Kapanen M, Keyriläinen J, Seppälä T, Tenhunen M. A dual model HU conversion from MRI intensity values within and outside of bone segment for MRI‐based radiotherapy treatment planning of prostate cancer. Medical physics. 2014;41(1).
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Andreasen D, Van Leemput K, Hansen RH, Andersen JA, Edmund JM. Patch‐based generation of a pseudo CT from conventional MRI sequences for MRI‐only radiotherapy of the brain. Medical physics. 2015;42(4):1596-605.
16
Dowling JA, Lambert J, Parker J, Salvado O, Fripp J, Capp A, et al. An atlas-based electron density mapping method for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-alone treatment planning and adaptive MRI-based prostate radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics. 2012;83(1):e5-e11.
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Lee YK, Bollet M, Charles-Edwards G, Flower MA, Leach MO, McNair H, et al. Radiotherapy treatment planning of prostate cancer using magnetic resonance imaging alone. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2003;66(2):203-16.
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Sjölund J, Forsberg D, Andersson M, Knutsson H. Generating patient specific pseudo-CT of the head from MR using atlas-based regression. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2015;60(2):825.
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Pennec X, Cachier P, Ayache N, editors. Understanding the “demon’s algorithm”: 3D non-rigid registration by gradient descent. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention; 1999: Springer.
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Cahill ND, Noble JA, Hawkes DJ, editors. A demons algorithm for image registration with locally adaptive regularization. International Conference on Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention; 2009: Springer.
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Hsu S-H, Cao Y, Huang K, Feng M, Balter JM. Investigation of a method for generating synthetic CT models from MRI scans of the head and neck for radiation therapy. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2013;58(23):8419.
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28
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29
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31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Performance Evaluation of Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment Regarding the Hospital Size in the Republic of Korea
Introduction: The Republic of Korea has developed a national standard based on which diagnostic X-ray equipment must be tested every 3 years. Accordingly, the performance of X-ray equipment used in all hospitals is evaluated by national certification bodies in compliance with the safety management regulations for X-ray equipment. However, if the equipment is non-compliant, its use must be stopped until it satisfies the accepted standards. Material and Methods: In compliance with the safety management regulations for diagnostic X-ray equipment, hospitals in this study were divided into two groups, namely the general hospital group and the clinic group with diagnostic X-ray equipment. The samples in this study were composed of 11 and 18 machines selected randomly from general hospitals and clinics, respectively, which satisfied the acceptance standards since last year in both groups. The evaluation of diagnostic X-ray machines was based on the results obtained from X-ray tube voltage, tube current, exposure time accuracy, and the X-ray dose reproducibility. Results: The X-ray machines of the general hospital group followed all national standards. However, those of the clinic group failed to satisfy the requirements of tube voltage, tube current, exposure time accuracy, and X-ray dose reproducibility. Conclusion: Clinics require their own quality control to reduce unnecessary medical radiation exposure due to the poor X-ray equipment performance. Moreover, it is suggested that the test period of the safety management regulations on diagnostic X-ray equipment need to be shorter than three years.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11409_ad423bce453674706596ea6c8952c114.pdf
2019-05-01
195
199
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33867.1422
Diagnostic Equipment Quality Control Reproducibility
safety management
Dongjun
Jang
jun_4145@naver.com
1
Radiological Science, Gachon University Medical Campus, Incheon, Korea
AUTHOR
sungchul
Kim
ksc@gachon.ac.kr
2
Radiological Science, Gachon University Medical Campus, Incheon, Korea
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Kang BS, Lee KM, Shin WY, Park SC, Choi HD, Cho YK. Analyze for the Quality Control of General X-ray Systems in Capital region. Journal of the Korean Society of Radiological Technology. 2012;35(2):93-102.
2
Kharita MH, Wannus KM, Khedr MS. Evaluation of the Quality Control Program for Diagnostic Radiography and Fluoroscopy Devices in Syria during 2005-2013. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017;14(2):92-7.
3
Ministry of Health and Welfare Regulations [homepage on the Internet]. The Rules on Safety management for Diagnostic Radiographic Unit. No.528[cited 2017 Dec 22]. Available from:http://www.law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=197782&efYd=20170929 .
4
Tran NT, Iimoto T, Kosako T. Calibration of KVp meter used in quality control tests of diagnostic X-ray units. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012;148(3):352-7.
5
Sung-chul K. Feasibility of Using the Clamp meter in Measuring X-ray Tube Current. International Journal of Contents. 2013;9(1):38-41.
6
Ministry of Health and Welfare Regulations [homepage on the Internet]. The Medical Law. No.15540[cited 2018 Mar 30]. Available from: http://law.go.kr/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=202930&viewCls=lsRvsDocInfoR#0000.
7
IEC 60601-2-54 Medical electrical equipment – Part 2-54:Particular requirements for the basic safety and essential performance of X-ray equipment for radiography and radioscopy. INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION. 2015.
8
Hassan GM, Rabie N, Mustafa KA, Abdel-Khalik SS. Study on the quality assurance of diagnostic X-ray machines and assessment of the absorbed dose to patients. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 2012;167(9):704-11.
9
John M.B, Dianna D.C, Jane R.F. AAPM REPORT NO. 74, Quality Control in Diagnostic Radiology. American Association of Physicists in Medicine by Medical Physics Publishing. 2002.
10
Mohsen A, Mohammad T B.T, Ali E, Masoumeh G. Quality Control Assessment of Conventional Radiology Devices in Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017;14(1):1-7.
11
JH. Park, IC Lim, KR. Dong, SS. Kang. A performance evaluation of diagnostic X-ray unit depends on the hospitals size. Journal of radiation protection. 2009;34(1): 31-6.
12
You I, Lim C, Lee S, Lee M. Performance Measurement of Diagnostic X-ray system. Journal of korean society of radiology. 2012;6(6):447-54.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measurements of Photon Beam Flattening Filter Using an Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm and Electron Beam Employing Electron Monte Carlo
Introduction: This study aimed to report the measurement of photon and electron beams to configure the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm and Electron Monte Carlo used in clinical treatment. Material and Methods: All measurements were performed in a large water phantom using a 3-dimensional scanning system (PTW, Germany). For photon beams, the data were measured with a 0.125cc cylindrical chamber. For electron, the data were performed with a Roos chamber. Results: In photon beams, flatness and symmetry for reference field size 10×10cm2 were within the tolerance intervals. Flatness were 0.79% and 1.55% for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. Symmetry were 0.57 and 0.25 for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. The output factor vary between 0.83 and 1.11 for X6MV. Moreover, it varies between 0.74 and 1.09 for X18MV. The leaf transmission factors were 0.97% for X6MV and1.14% for X18MV. The DLG were 1.31 and 1.34 for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. For electron beams, the quality index R50 for applicator 15×15cm2 were in the tolerance. Maximum depth dose for 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20MeV were 1.2, 1.9, 2.7, 2.99 and 2.4cm, respectively. Bremsstrahlung tail were 6MeV–2.86cm, 9MeV–4.32cm, 12MeV–5.96cm, 16MeV–7.93cm, and 20MeV–10.08cm per energy levels. Conclusion: The obtained results and international recommendations were in a good agrement
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11715_97606f715bb6b54b7c853065c872cd67.pdf
2019-05-01
200
209
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31544.1372
Linear accelerator Algorithm
Monte Carlo Method Radiotherapy
mohammed el adnani
krabch
krabch.adnani@gmail.com
1
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V
University, Rabat, Morocco & Sheikh Khalifa Ibn Zaid Hospital
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abdelouahed
Chetaine
chetaine@fsr.ac.ma
2
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
kamal
Saidi
contact@saidikamal.com
3
Physics Department, Faculty of sciences, Mohamed V university, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Fatima zohra
ERRADI
fatimazohra.erradi@gmail.com
4
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Abdelati
NOURREDDINE
nabdelati@gmail.com
5
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
yassine
benkhouya
benkhouyassine@gmail.com
6
Physics Department,Faculty of sciences, Mohamed V university, Rabat, Morocco.
AUTHOR
Redouane
El Baydaoui
baydaoui@gmail.com
7
Laboratory of technology and medical science, unity of biomedical instrumentation and medical physics, Higher Institute of Health Sciences; University Hassan I.
AUTHOR
References
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Ulmer W, Harder D. Applications of a triple Gaussian pencil beam model for photon beam treatment planning. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik. 1996 Jan 1;6(2):68-74.
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Ulmer W, Kaissl W. The inverse problem of a Gaussian convolution and its application to the finite size of the measurement chambers/detectors in photon and proton dosimetry. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2003 Mar 5;48(6):707-27.
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Neuenschwander H, Mackie TR, Reckwerdt PJ. MMC-a high-performance Monte Carlo code for electron beam treatment planning. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 1995 Apr;40(4):543-74.
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Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Vanetti E, Clivio A, Cozzi L. Dosimetric validation of the anisotropic analytical algorithm for photon dose calculation: fundamental characterization in water. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2006 Feb 21;51(6):1421-38.
6
Ulmer W, Pyyry J, Kaissl W. A 3D photon superposition/convolution algorithm and its foundation on results of Monte Carlo calculations. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2005 Apr 6;50(8):1767-90.
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Van Esch A, Tillikainen L, Pyykkonen J, Tenhunen M, Helminen H, Siljamäki S, et al. Testing of the analytical anisotropic algorithm for photon dose calculation. Medical physics. 2006 Nov;33(11):4130-48.
8
Sievinen J,Ulmer W, Kaissl W. AAA photon dose calculation model in Eclipse. Palo Alto (CA): Varian Medical Systems. 2005.
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Arunkumar T, Varatharaj C, Ravikumar M, Sathiyan S,Shwetha B. Commissioning and validation of the electron Monte Carlo dose calculation at extended source to surface distance from a medical linear accelerator.International Journal of Medical Research and Review. 2016.
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Yang X, Lasio G, Zhou J, Lin M, Yi B, Guerrero M. Commissioning of Electron Monte Carlo in Eclipse Treatment Planning System for TrueBeam. Med. Phys.2014; 41:362-6.
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Antolak JA, Bieda MS, Hogstrom KR. A Monte Carlo method for commissioning electron beams. InThe Use of Computers in Radiation Therapy. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. 2000 ; 449-51.
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Das IJ, Cheng CW, Watts RJ, Ahnesjö A, Gibbons J, Li XA, et al. Accelerator beam data commissioning equipment and procedures: report of the TG‐106 of the Therapy Physics Committee of the AAPM. Medical physics. 2008 Sep 1;35(9):4186-215.
13
Aletti P, Bey P, Chauvel P, Chavaudra J, Costa A, Donnareix D, et al. Recommendations for a quality assurance programme in external radiotherapy. 1995;2.
14
Mayilvaganan A, Athiyaman H, Chougule A. Analysis of Accuracy of Interpolation Methods in Estimating the Output Factors for Square Fields in Medical Linear Accelerator. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017;14(2):75-86.
15
Varadharajan E, Ramasubramanian V. Commissioning and Acceptance Testing of the existing linear accelerator upgraded to volumetric modulated arc therapy. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy. 2013 Sep 1;18(5):286-97.
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Szpala S, Cao F, Kohli K. On using the dosimetric leaf gap to model the rounded leaf ends in VMAT/RapidArc plans. Journal of applied clinical medical physics. 2014 Mar 1;15(2):67-84.
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Mullins J, DeBlois F, Syme A. Experimental characterization of the dosimetric leaf gap. Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express. 2016 Dec 16;2(6):065013.
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IAEA.Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy. IAEA Technical Reports Series No. 398. 2000.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Measurement of Radioactivity Levels and Health Risks in the Surrounding Soil of Shazand Refinery Complex in Arak, Iran, Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Method
ntroduction: The purpose of this study was to measure the radioactivity in the agricultural soil of south-east of Shazand Refinery Complex to determine both reliable baseline data on the radiation level and the radiation dose exposure to the farmers and inhabitants of the studied area. Material and Methods: This study was conducted on 21 soil samples collected from two different lands. Sampling spots in each land were selected for the assessment of specific activities of radionuclides of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and137Cs by using high purity germanium detector setup. Standards of International Atomic Energy Agency references material gamma ray uranium, reference gamma-ray thorium, and reference gamma-ray potassium were used for quality control and determining efficiency calibration. All samples were examined for radium equivalent, absorbed gamma dose rate, internal hazard index, external radiation hazard, annual gonadal dose equivalent, indoor and outdoor annual effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risk. Results: The specific activities of radionuclides 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs varied from13.12 to 33.03, 11.3 to 35.86, 257.82 to 605.5, and 1.28 to 13.36 Bq/kg, respectively. Moreover, the results of this study were compared with those reported from other countries and worldwide average. Conclusion: Although all samples were polluted by the 137Cs fission product, the measured values were within the global reported safety limits. Therefore, there is no risk for farmers and inhabitants in this region.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11498_e19823b4082770c59250c02006bfe74a.pdf
2019-05-01
210
216
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33519.1412
Natural radioactivity
Radionuclides Dosage Radiation Health Risk
Monire
Mohebian
m-mohebian@phd.araku.ac.ir
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University,
AUTHOR
Reza
Pourimani
r-pourimani@araku.ac.ir
2
Department of Nuclear Physics,
Faculty of Science
Arak University,
Arak 38156
Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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Kabir KA, Islam SMA, Rahman MM. Distribution of radionuclides in surface soil and bottom sediment in the district of Jessore, Bangladesh and evaluation of radiation hazard. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 2009; 33(1): 117-30
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Mohammad KH, Syed MH, Meaze AKMMH. Assessment of Radiological Contamination of Soils Due to Shipbreaking Using HPGe Digital Gamma-Ray Spectrometry System. Journal of Environmental Protection. 2010; 1: 10-4. DOI: 10.4236/jep.2010.11002.
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Hakan C. A Preliminary Indoor Gamma-ray Measurements in Some of the Buildings at Karadeniz Technical University (Trabzon, Turkey) Campus area. Eastern Anatolian Journal of Science. 2015; 1(1): 10-9.
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United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation report to general assembly with scientific Annexes. New York, United Nation Publication. 2008.
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Chakrabarty A, Tripathi R M, Puranik VD. Occurrences of NORMS and 137Cs in soils of the Singhbhum region of Eastern India and associated Radiation Hazard. Radioprotection. 2009; 44( 1): 55-68. DOI: 10.1051/radiopro/2008051.
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Dragovića S, Onjia A. Classification of soil samples according to geographic origin using gammaray spectrometry and principal component analysis. Journal of Environmental Radioactivity. 2006; 89:150-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2006.05.002.
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Aslani MA, Aytas S, Akyil S , Yaprak G , Yener G , Eral M. Activity concentration of caesium-137 in agricultural soils. Turkey Journal of Environmental radioactivity. 2003; 65:131-45. DOI:10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00092-9.
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Pourimani R, Mortazavi SM. Radiological Assessment of the Artificial and Natural radionuclide concentration of wheat and barley samples in Karbala, Iraq. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2018; 15(2): 126-31. DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2017.24190.1238.
18
LaBrecque JJ, Rosales PA, Carias O. The preliminary results of the measurements of environmental levels of 40K and 137Cs in Venezuela. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 1992 ; 312: 217-22. DOI: 10.1016/0168-9002(92)90157-Y.
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Poreba G, Bluszcz A, Snieszko Z. Concentration and vertical distribution of 137Cs in agricultural and undisturbed soils from Chechlo and Czarnocin areas. Geochronometria. 2003; 22: 67-72.
20
Pourimani R, Davoodmaghami. Radiological Hazard Resulting from Natural Radioactivity of Soil in East of Shazand Power Plant. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2018;15(3):192-9. DOI: 10.22038/IJMP.2018.26655.1272.
21
Mia F, Roy S, Touhiduzzaman N, Alan B. Distribution of radionuclides in soil samples in and around Dhaka city. journal of Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1998;49(2):133-7. DOI: 10.1016/S0969-8043(97)00232-7.
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Selvasekarapandian S, Manikandan N , Sivkumar R , Meenakshinundaram V, Raghunath V. Natural radiation distribution of soils at Kotagiri Taluk of the Nilgiris biosphere in India. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2002 ; 252(2): 429-35. DOI: 10.1023/A:101575131.
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Ingersoll JG. A survey of radionuclide contents and radon emanation rates in building materials used in the U. S. Health Physics. 1983;45( 2): 362-8.
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Papastefanou C, Stoulos S, Manolopoulou M, Ioannidou A, Charalambous S. Indoor radon concentrations in Greek apartment dwellings. Health Physics. 1994;66(3):270–3. DOI: 10.1097/00004032-199403000-00006.
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Shohag M. Measurement of the natural and artificial radioactivity in soil of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. M S Thesis, University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. 2007.
27
Abbas H, Masoumeh FZ. The Effect of Soil Radioactivity in Pollution. Journal of Community Health Research. 2013; 2(4):286-92.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Vulvar Cancer: Dosimetric Comparison of Advanced 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy Technique with Anteroposterior and Posteroanterior Irradiation Techniques
Introduction: The commonly used technique of radiation therapy for vulvar cancer consists of anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) fields. This is the first study that reports the dosimetric comparison between the AP-PA techniques and the new 3D advanced conformal technique (3D-ACT) based on the multiplicity of treatment fields in patients with squamous cell cancer of the vulva in the postoperative setting. Material and Methods: This comparative planning study was conducted on15 patients with vulvar carcinoma treated with adjuvant radiation therapy at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat, Morocco. Three treatment plans were performed, corresponding to three techniques, namely photons with source-skin distance inguinal supplement, modified segmental boost technique and 3D advanced conformal technique. For each plan, the dose-volume histogram was used to generate planning target volumes (total and inguinal PTV) and organs at risk (bladder, rectum, bowel and femoral heads) parameters. Results: The 95% isodose volume was significantly reduced with the advanced conformal technique (p <0.0001) without compromising the total PTV coverage (P= 0.94). This technique resulted in the best conformity and homogeneity index. The 3D-ACT decreased significantly the PTVs Dmax and Dmean (p <0.0001), and offered better homogeneity for inguinal PTV (i.e., 1.07±0.01, p <0.0001).The 3D-ACT decreased the rectum absorbed dose, V40 (volume receiving ≥40Gy), V45, and Dmaxto50.21±27.21, 22.81±10.22, and 46.56±1.11, respectively. With regard to femoral heads, the 3D-ACT decreased the Dmax and V45 in comparison to the other two techniques. Conclusion: The 3D-ACT seems to be an alternative to the AP-PA irradiation techniques in postoperative setting when IMRT is unavailable.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11421_d05ed4d3604500cdb1c7f528e873ba4a.pdf
2019-05-01
217
223
10.22038/ijmp.2018.29248.1321
Vulvar cancer
Dosimetric comparison
3-D Conformal Radiotherapy
Planning Techniques
Abdelati
NOURREDDINE
nabdelati@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
LEAD_AUTHOR
El Amin
MARNOUCHE
elaminmarnouche@gmail.com
2
Department of radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Mohammed El Adnani
KRABCH
krabch.adnani@gmail.com
3
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Rajaa
CHERKAOUI EL MOURSLI
rajaa.cherkaoui@um5.ac.ma
4
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Noureddine
BENJAAFAR
n.benjaafar@um5s.net.ma
5
Department of radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
References
1
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2
Faul CM, Mirmow D, Huang Q, Gerszten K, Day R, Jones MW. Adjuvant radiation for vulvar carcinoma: improved local control. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1997 May 1;38(2):381-9.
3
D Khosla D, Patel F D, Shukla A K, Rai B, OinamA S, Sharma S C. Dosimetric evaluation and clinical outcome in post-operativepatients of carcinoma vulva treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Indian journal of cancer. 2015;52:670-4
4
Leibel SA, Fuks Z, Zelefsky MJ. Intensity-modulatedradiotherapy. Cancer J. 2002;8:164 –76.
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Nutting C, Dearnaley DP, Webb S. Intensity-modulated radiationtherapy: A clinical review. Br J Radiol. 2000;73:459–69.
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Ng M, Leong T, Chander S, Chu J, Kneebone A, Carroll S, et al. Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group (AGITG) contouring atlas and planning guidelines for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in anal cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2012;83(5):1455-62.
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Moran M, Lund MW, Ahmad M, Trumpore HS, Haffty B, Nath R. Improved treatment of pelvis and inguinal nodes using modified segmental boost technique: dosimetric evaluation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2004;59(5):1523-30.
8
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Faul CM, Mirmow D, Huang Q, Gerszten K, Day R, Jones MW. Adjuvant radiation for vulvar carcinoma: improved local control. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1997;38(2):381-9.
10
Beriwal S, Heron DE, Kim H, King G, Shogan J, Bahri S, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy for the treatment of vulvar carcinoma: a comparative dosimetric study with early clinical outcome. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2006;64(5):1395-400.
11
Heron DE, Gerszten K, Selvaraj RN, King GC, Sonnik D, Gallion H, et al. Conventional 3D conformal versus intensity-modulated radiotherapy for the adjuvant treatment of gynecologic malignancies: a comparative dosimetric study of dose–volume histograms☆. Gynecologic oncology. 2003;91(1):39-45.
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14
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15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Calculation of Inter- and Intra-Fraction Motion Errors at External Radiotherapy Using a Markerless Strategy Based on Image Registration Combined with Correlation Model
Introduction: A new method based on image registration technique and an intelligent correlation model to calculate. The present study aimed to propose inter- and intra-fraction motion errors in order to address the limitations of conventional Patient positioning methods. Material and Methods: The configuration of the markerless method was accomplished by using four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) datasets. Firstly, the MeVisLab software package was used to extract a three-dimensional (3D) surface model of the patient and determine the tumor location. Then, the patient-specific 3D surface model which also included the breathing phases was imported into the MATLAB software package in order to define several control points on the thorax region as virtual external markers. Finally, based on the correlation of breathing signals/patient position with breathing signals/tumor coordinate, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system was proposed to both verify and align the inter- and intra-fraction motion errors in radiotherapy, if needed. In order to validate the proposed method, the 4DCT data acquired from four real patients was considered. Results: Final results revealed that our hybrid configuration method was capable of aligning patient setup with lower uncertainties, compared to other available methods. In addition, the 3D root-mean-square error has been reduced from 5.26 to 1.5 mm for all patients. Conclusion: In this study, a markerless method based on the image registration technique in combination with a correlation model was proposed to address the limitations of the available methods, including dependence on operator’s attention, use of passive markers, and rigid-only constraint for patient setup.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11054_3f137c26b93885b85ad54146b82b6790.pdf
2019-05-01
224
231
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30477.1348
Image Processing
Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT)
patient positioning
Payam
Samadi Miandoab
p.samadi1989@gmail.com
1
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medical Radiation Group, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haft Bagh Highway, Knowledge Paradise, Kerman, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ahmad
Esmaili Torshabi
ahmad4958@gmail.com
2
Medical Radiation Division, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng. Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Sohelia
parandeh
soheila.parand@yahoo.com
3
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medical Radiation Group, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haft Bagh Highway, Knowledge Paradise, Kerman, Iran.
AUTHOR
References
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Weiss E, Vorwerk H, Richter S, Hess CF. Interfractional and intrafractional accuracy during radiotherapy of gynecologic carcinomas: a comprehensive evaluation using the ExacTrac system. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2003;56(1):69-79.
2
Miyandoab PS, Torshabi AE, Nankali S. The Robustness of Various Intelligent Models in Patient Positioning at External Beam Radiotherapy.
3
Nankali S, Torshabi AE, Miandoab PS. A feasibility study on ribs as anatomical landmarks for motion tracking of lung and liver tumors at external beam radiotherapy. Technology in cancer research & treatment. 2015:1533034615595737.
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Torshabi A, Pella A, Riboldi M, Baroni G. Targeting accuracy in real-time tumor tracking via external surrogates: a comparative study. Technology in cancer research & treatment. 2010;9(6):551-61.
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Torshabi AE, Riboldi M, Fooladi AAI, Mosalla SMM, Baroni G. An adaptive fuzzy prediction model for real time tumor tracking in radiotherapy via external surrogates. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2013;14(1).
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Chavaudra J, Bridier A. [Definition of volumes in external radiotherapy: ICRU reports 50 and 62]. Cancer radiotherapie: journal de la Societe francaise de radiotherapie oncologique. 2001;5(5):472-8.
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Chen GT, Sharp GC, Mori S. A review of image-guided radiotherapy. Radiological physics and technology. 2009;2(1):1-12.
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Gierga DP, Brewer J, Sharp GC, Betke M, Willett CG, Chen GT. The correlation between internal and external markers for abdominal tumors: implications for respiratory gating. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2005;61(5):1551-8.
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D'Ambrosio DJ, Bayouth J, Chetty IJ, Buyyounouski MK, Price RA, Correa CR, et al. Continuous localization technologies for radiotherapy delivery: report of the American Society for Radiation Oncology Emerging Technology Committee. Practical radiation oncology. 2012;2(2):145-50.
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Deantonio L, Masini L, Loi G, Gambaro G, Bolchini C, Krengli M. Detection of setup uncertainties with 3D surface registration system for conformal radiotherapy of breast cancer. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy. 2011;16(3):77-81.
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Willoughby T, Lehmann J, Bencomo JA, Jani SK, Santanam L, Sethi A, et al. Quality assurance for nonradiographic radiotherapy localization and positioning systems: Report of Task Group 147. Medical physics. 2012;39(4):1728-47.
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Egger J, Tokuda J, Chauvin L, Freisleben B, Nimsky C, Kapur T, et al. Integration of the OpenIGTLink Network Protocol for image‐guided therapy with the medical platform MeVisLab. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery. 2012;8(3):282-90.
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Miandoab PS, Torshabi AE, Nankali S. Investigation of the optimum location of external markers for patient setup accuracy enhancement at external beam radiotherapy. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2016;17(6).
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Nankali S, Torshabi AE, Miandoab PS, Baghizadeh A. Optimum location of external markers using feature selection algorithms for real-time tumor tracking in external-beam radiotherapy: a virtual phantom study. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2016;17(1).
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Segars WP, Lalush DS, Tsui BM. Modeling respiratory mechanics in the MCAT and spline-based MCAT phantoms. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2001;48(1):89-97.
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Baroni G, Ferrigno G, Orecchia R, Pedotti A. Real‐time opto‐electronic verification of patient position in breast cancer radiotherapy. Computer Aided Surgery. 2000;5(4):296-306.
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35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Penumbra Measurements and Comparison of In-House and Standard Circular Cones by the Gafchoromic Film, Pinpoint Ion Chamber, and MCNPX Monte Carlo Simulation
Introduction: Penumbra is an important property of the radiation beam to obtain a suitable margin surrounding the target volume. Therefore, the precise penumbra width determination in stereotactic radiotherapy is necessary for treatment planning. This study aimed to compare the obtained results of penumbra width by in-house and standard circular cones by different dosimeters, as well as evaluating the function of EBT3 for dosimetric properties of the small field radiation. Material and Methods: Different circular cones were mounted on the head of the accelerator to produce 12, 20, and 40 mm field sizes at isocenter. Dosimetric measurements were performed with the EBT3 film, PinPoint ion chamber. Afterwards, MCNPX Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the dosimetric parameters. Results: According to the obtained results, the penumbra width was increased by larger diameters of circular cones. The obtained measured data by PinPoint ion chamber showed a larger penumbra width compared to those calculated by Monte Carlo at all field sizes. The gamma index analysis revealed distance-to-agreement and dose-difference of 2 mm /2%/ at all points. The results of this study showed that source to diaphragm distance had a major role in penumbra size determination of small field dosimetry with PinPoint ion chamber, EBT3 film, and Monte Carlo simulation. Conclusion: As findings of this study reported, EBT3 films are reliable detectors for relative dosimetry due to high spatial resolution for small field sizes. Furthermore, they can be used for measuring beam profile and percentage depth dose curves.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11751_12b5f76131828b26ac5603eb0dae519d.pdf
2019-05-01
232
240
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32356.1387
Monte Carlo Method
small field
penumbra
Gafchromic Film Stereotactic Radiotherapy
Sareh
Tajiki
tajiki.sareh@gmail.com
1
Radiotherapy Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
hassan
nedaie
nedaieha@sina.tums.ac.ir
2
radiotherapy oncology department, cancer research centre, Tehran university of medical sciences,Tehran,Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mahbod
Esfehani
md_esfahani@yahoo.com
3
Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department of Cancer Institute, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghazale
Geraily
ghazalegraily@yahoo.com
4
Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
mohsen
hassani
hasanimohsen33@gmail.com
5
Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Cancer Research Centre, cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Ali
Rastjoo Ardakani
rastjoo@razi.tums.ac.ir
6
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Ehsan
Mohammadi
ehsamn@yahoo.com
7
Radiotherapy Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
mansur
naderi
mans_1348@yahoo.com
8
Radiotherapy Oncology Department, Cancer Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
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Thomas SJ. Factors affecting penumbral shape and 3D dose distributions in stereotactic radiotherapy. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 1994;39(4):761.
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Pappas E, Maris TG, Manolopoulos S, Zacharopoulou F, Papadakis A, Green S, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgery photon field profile dosimetry using conventional dosimeters and polymer gel dosimetry. Analysis and inter-comparison. InJournal of Physics: Conference Series. 2009; 164(1) : 012054.
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Sharma SD, Kumar S, Dagaonkar SS, Bisht G, Dayanand S, Devi R, et al. Dosimetric comparison of linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery systems. Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2007;32(1):18.
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Hassani H, Nedaie HA, Zahmatkesh MH, Shirani K. A dosimetric study of small photon fields using polymer gel and Gafchromic EBT films. Medical Dosimetry. 2014;39(1):102-7.
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Palmans H, Andreo P, Huq MS, Seuntjens J, Christaki KE, Meghzifene A. Dosimetry of small static fields used in external photon beam radiotherapy: Summary of TRS‐483, the IAEA–AAPM international Code of Practice for reference and relative dose determination. Medical physics. 2018; 45(11):e1123-45.
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Sánchez-Doblado F, Andreo P, Capote R, Leal A, Perucha M, Arráns R, et al. Ionization chamber dosimetry of small photon fields: a Monte Carlo study on stopping-power ratios for radiosurgery and IMRT beams. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2003;48(14):2081.
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19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Breast Cancer Diagnosis from Perspective of Class Imbalance
Introduction: Breast cancer is the second cause of mortality among women. Early detection is the only rescue to reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality. Traditional methods cannot effectively diagnose tumor since they are based on the assumption of well-balanced dataset.. However, a hybrid method can help to alleviate the two-class imbalance problem existing in the diagnosis of breast cancer and establish a more accurate diagnosis. Material and Methods: The proposed hybrid approach was based on improved Laplacian score (LS) andK-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms called LS-KNN. An improved LS algorithm was used for obtaining the optimal feature subset. The KNN with automatic K was utilized for classifying the data which guaranteed the effectiveness of the proposed method by reducing the computational effort and making the classification more faster. The effectiveness of LS-KNN was also examined on two biased-representative breast cancer datasets using classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, and Matthews correlation coefficient. Results: Applying the proposed algorithm on two breast cancer datasets indicated that the efficiency of the new method was higher than the previously introduced methods. The obtained values of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, and Matthews correlation coefficient were 99.27%, 99.12%, 99.51%, 99.42%, respectively. Conclusion: Experimental results showed that the proposed approach worked well with breast cancer datasets and could be a good alternative to the well-known machine learning methods
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11544_41bfd081e4a14c065e7902efd1ad73fe.pdf
2019-05-01
241
249
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31600.1373
Breast Cancer
classification
imbalance
Computer aided diagnosis
Jue
Zhang
zhangjue@stumail.nwu.edu.cn
1
Scholl of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an,China
AUTHOR
Li
Chen
chenli@nwu.edu.cn
2
shool of Information and Technology, Northwest Nniversity, Xi'an, Chian
LEAD_AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Short-term Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by 3G and 4G Mobile Phones on Reaction Time and Short-term Memory
Introduction: There have been many studies conducted on the effects of mobile phones radiations on people’s health due to increasing number of mobile phones users. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic waves generated from 3G and 4G mobile phone radiations on student’s reaction time and short-term memory. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study. A sample of 85 medical students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the age range of 18-22 years was selected. After 10-min exposure to 3G and 4G mobile waves without any prognoses if mobile phone was on or off, response time and short-term memory tests were taken at once. The groups then left laboratory for about 2 h to take a rest, and they came back to laboratory to carry out the second mode of testing after two h (mobile phones on or off related to previous test). Both tests were performed in the afternoon to make students almost identical in terms of daily fatigue conditions. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) using t-test technique. The difference was statistically considered significant (p <0.05). Results: The results revealed that the reaction time and average short-term memory following the exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile 3G and 4G mobile phones increased and decreased, respectively. However, this difference was only significant in the reaction time. The electromagnetic waves generated by the 3G and 4G mobile phones led to slower response time among students under emission, compared to the control group. Conclusion: According to our findings, it can be concluded that the frequency of electromagnetic waves increased the response to stimulus time.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11785_50023ec4903cdd349ec62d9630122213.pdf
2019-05-01
250
254
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32826.1398
Electromagnetic Fields
Mobile Phone Data
Radiofrequency
Short-Term Memory Reaction Tim
Mohammad Mehdi
Movahedi
mehdi_movahedi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Ali
Tavakoli Golpayegani
tavakoli.golpa@gmail.com
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arash
Safari
arash.safari1985@gmail.com
3
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Samad
Amani
samad.amani@yahoo.com
4
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
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