ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Use of LR-115 Detector to Measure Radon Concentrations in Milk and Tea Samples Collected From Misan Markets in Iraq
Introduction: Radioactive material is always present in the environment, and the largest contribution to the inhalation exposure comes from the short half-life decay products of radon. Accordingly, the concentrations of radon were measured in the milk and tea samples collected from Misanmarkets in Iraq. Material and Methods: A total of 20 samples were taken to the laboratory in the School of Physics for sample preparation and then determined using LR-115 detector. Results: The concentrations of radon measured in milk samples were observed to vary from 32.0 to 180.4 Bq/ m3 in Celia 1 and Primer samples, respectively, with a mean value of 109.92Bq/ m3. However, the obtained results of radon concentration in the tea samples were noticed to vary from 40.0 Bq to 220.0 Bq/ m3 in aeroplane and appeared samples, respectively, with a mean value of 158.64Bq/ m3. The radon concentration in the tea samples was higher than that in the milk samples. The result showed the radon concentration varied according to different kinds of samples depending on the source of samples. Conclusion: The concentrations were below than the action levels of 200-600 Bq/ m3 as recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection. According to the results, the collected samples did not pose any major threats.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12276_5f3112d26910834b961dce647bed7bbe.pdf
2019-09-01
319
322
10.22038/ijmp.2019.31109.1365
Iraq
LR-115 detector
Milk
Misan Markets
Radon
Tea
Ali
Abdul Hussin
alimahdi_phys74@yahoo.com
1
Department of Science, College of Basic Education, University of Missan, Amarah, Iraq
AUTHOR
Mohammed
Shinen
mohammed.shinen@yahoo.com
2
Department of Science, College of Basic Education, University of Babylon, Hillah, Iraq
AUTHOR
Murtadha
Aswood
murtadhababylon@gmail.com
3
Department of Physics, College of Education, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effect of Atomic Radiation Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes, United Nations, New York, 2000.
1
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources, Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes. United Nations, New York. 1988.
2
Aswood M S, Jaafar M S, Salih N. Estimation of annual effective dose due to natural radioactivity in ingestion of vegetables from Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Environmental Technology & Innovation. 2017; 8: 96-102.
3
Adrović F, Jakupi B, Vasić P, Mitić D. Measurements of radon concentration. Radiation measurements. 1995; 25(1-4): 643-4.
4
Aswood M S, Jaafar M S, Bauk S. Measuring Radon Concentration Levels in Fertilizers Using CR-39 Detector. In Advanced Materials Research. 2014; 925: 610-3.
5
Aswood M S, Jaafar M S, Salih N. Estimation of Radon Concentration in Soil Samples from Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. International Journal of Science, Technology and Society. 2017; 5(1): 9-12.
6
Salih N F, Jafri Z M, Aswood M S. Measurement of radon concentration in blood and urine samples collected from female cancer patients using RAD7. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2016; 9(3): 332-6.
7
Poursharif Z, Ebrahiminia A, Asadinezhad M, Nickfarjam A, Haeri A, Khoshgard K. Determination of Radionuclide Concentrations in Tea Samples Cultivated in Guilan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015: 12(4): 271-7.
8
Al-Nafiey MS, Jaafar MS, Bauk S. Measuring radon concentration and toxic elements in the irrigation water of the agricultural areas in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Sains Malaysiana. 2014; 43 (2): 227-31.
9
Somogyi G, Hafez A F, Hunyadi I, Toth-Szilagyi M. Measurement of exhalation and diffusion parameters of radon in solids by plastic track detectors. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. 1986; 12(1-6): 701-4.
10
Samavat H, Seaward M R D, Aghamiri S M R, Reza-Nejad F. Radionuclide concentrations in the diet of residents in a high level natural radiation area in Iran. Radiation and Environmental Biophysics. 2006; 45(4): 301-6.
11
International Commission on Radiological Protection. International Commission on Radiological Protection for Protection against Radon at home and at work. ICRP publication 65. Pergamon Press, oxford, UK. 1993.
12
Al-Hamzawi AA, Jaffar MS, Tawfiq NF, Aswood MS. Evaluation of Bulk Etch Rate of Solid State Nuclear Track Detector CR-39. In Advanced Materials Research. 2015; 1107: 712-5.
13
Hernandez F, Hernandez-Armas J, Catalan A, Fernandez-Aldecoa JC, Landeras MI. Activity concentrations and mean annual effective dose of foodstuffs on the island of Tenerife, Spain. Radiation Protection Dosimetry. 2004; 111(2): 205-10.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Radiological Risk due to Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials in the Soil of Al-Samawah Desert, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq
Introduction: The risk of radioactivity addresses human life directly. The natural rock radioactivity is mainly due to 232Th, 238U), and 40K series. Activities involving blasting, crushing, and processing of rocks into numerous pieces lead to release of radionuclides into the atmosphere in the form of dust particles. Material and Methods: Sixteen soil samples were collected from various locations of the Al-Samawah desert, Al-Muthanna Governorate, Iraq. The specific activities of 238U, 232Th, and 40 K were measured using NaI(Tl) 3''x3'' gamma-ray spectroscopy. Results: It is demonstrated that 238U, 232Th, and 40K were 11.53±0.76, 8.70±0.43, and 319.27±4.4 Bq/kg, respectively. The specific activity values were lower than the recommended United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation values. The Hex with the mean of 0.131 ranged from 0.094 to 0.171. The range for D, Raeq, and total AEDE were obtained as 17.468-30.967 nGy/h, 34.956-63.173 Bq/kg, and 0.02-0.038 mSv/y, respectively. Moreover, the means of dose rate, radium equivalent activity, and AEDE were 23.893 nGy/h, 48.549 Bq/kg, and 0.029 mSv/y, respectively. The low mean of Hex, is found to be < 370 Bq/kg. Conclusion: Results showed that the mean specific activity of 238U, 232Th, and 40K nuclides were lower than the worldwide recommended values. Furthermore, the Hex values for all the soil samples were lower than unity and Raeq as another good indicator was below the value considered as hazard (370 Bq/kg).
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12221_7bbe6bebd93f096683f897bc46254045.pdf
2019-09-01
323
328
10.22038/ijmp.2019.33154.1405
gamma rays
Natural Radiation Radiological Health
Ahmed
Ali
ah.meshour.ali@gmail.com
1
Ministry of Education, Al-Muthanna, AL-Samawah, Iraq
AUTHOR
Ali
Abojassim
ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, Iraq
AUTHOR
Fouad
Majeed
fouadattia@gmail.com
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Babylon, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
Egidi E , Hull C. NORM and TENORM (Naturally Occurring and Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) Producers, Users, and Proposed Regulations. HPS, 32nd, Midyear Topical Meeting Albuquerque, New Mexico. 1999.
1
Lilley J. Nuclear Physics: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. 2001.
2
Cember H , Johnson T. Introduction to Health Physics. 4th edition. UK: Mc Graw Hill Companies. 2009.
3
Osiga AD. radiation level measurement in Delta State University, campus 1, Abraka, Nigeria. Science-African Journal of Scientific Issues, Research and Essays. 2014;2(11):479-90.
4
Ojovan MI , Lee WE. Naturally Occurring Radionuclides. An introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilization (Second Edition). 2014.
5
Durance ME. Radioactivity in geology: principles and applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York, Elsevier. 1986; 67, 96– 110.
6
IAEA. Radiation Protection and the Management of Radioactive Waste in the Oil and Gas Industry. IAEA Technical Report Series No. 34, Vienna. 2003.
7
Harb S, "On the human radiation exposure as derived from the analysis of natural and man-made radionuclides in soils . ZSR, Hanover University, Germany. 2004.
8
Al-Hamidawi A . Assessment of Radiation Hazard Indices and Excess Life time Cancer Risk due to Dust Storm for Al-Najaf, Iraq. Wseas Transactions on Environment and Development. 2014; 10 : 312-9.
9
Abojassim AA, Oleiwi M H , Hassan M. Natural radioactivity and radiological effects in soil samples of the main electric stations at Babylon governorate. Nuclear Physics and Atomic Energy. 2016; 17(3): 308-15.
10
Abojassim AA, Oleiwi MH , Mohammad H. Evaluation of Radiation Hazard Indicesduo to Gamma Radiation in Hattin Complex at Babylon Government. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2016; 24 (7): 2196-203.
11
Mirza AA, Al-Gazal HH, Abojassim A. Radioactivity and Radiological Risk Assesment in Soil Samples of Ur residential complex at Nasiriyah Governorate, Iraq. Poll Res. 2017; 36 (4): 39-44.
12
Hassan AN, Mitham R. The Use of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. Geomorphology of Biehir College of Applied Biology, University of Babylon, Iraq. 2005.
13
Pourimani R, Azimi HR. Gamma Spectrometric Analysis of Iron Ore Samples of Arak, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2016; 13(3): 174-82.
14
Casanovas R, Morant JJ , Salvadó M. Implementation of gamma-ray spectrometry in two real-time water monitors using NaI(Tl) scintillation detectors, Appl. Radiat. Isotopes. 2013; 80: 49-55.
15
Abojassim AA, Al-Gazaly HH, Obide ES. Natural Radioactive Contamination in Shampoo and Dishwashing Samples Used in Iraq By NaI(Tl) detector. Asian Journal of Chemistry. 2016; 28(10):2173.
16
Beretka J, Matthew PJ. Natural radioactivity of Australian building materials, industrial wastes and by-products. Health physics. 1985; 48(1):87-95.
17
United Nations Scientific Committee on Effects of Atomic Radiation. Report to the General Assembly. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, vol. I. New York. 2008.
18
UNSCEAR. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: Report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes. 2000; 1: 1-219.
19
Hamidalddin SH. Measurements of the natural radioactivity along Red Sea coast (South beach of Jeddah Saudi Arabia). Life Science Journal. 2013;10(1): 121-8.
20
Saleh H, Shayeb MA. Natural radioactivity distribution of southern part of Jordan (Ma'an) Soil, Anu. Nucl. Energy. 2014; 65:184-9.
21
Alamoudi A. The effect of grain size on the measurements of activity concentration of naturally occurring radioactive materials [M. Sc. thesis]. University of Surrey; 2010.
22
Mahur AK, Kumar R, Mishra M, Ali SA, Sonkawade RG, Singh BP, et al. Study of radon exhalation rate and natural radioactivity in soil samples collected from East singhbhum shear Zone in Jaduguda U-Mines Area, Jharkhand, India and its radiological implications, Indian J. Pure Ap. Phys. 2010; 48: 486-92.
23
Jabbar A, Arshed W, Bhatti AS, Ahmad SS, Ur-Rehman S , Dilband M. Measurement of soil radioactivity levels and radiation hazard assessment in mid Rechna interfluvial region, Pakistan. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Ch. 2010; 283(2): 371-8.
24
Rizo OD, Rudnikas AG, López JA, Hernández PG, Castillo JF, Padilla DB. Radioactivity levels and radiation hazard of healing mud from San Diego River, Cuba. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2013; 295(2):1293-7.
25
Al-Leswas MS. Evaluation of Natural Radioactivity in Environmental Samples [M.Sc. thesis]. University of Surrey. 2010.
26
Aljleihawi KHO. Measurements and Study of Natural Radiation in soil samples from the official institutes of Qadisiyah Governorate. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Kufa. 2012.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
In Vivo Dosimetry Using a Flat Surface Sun Nuclear Corporation Diode in 60co Beams for Some Radiotherapy Treatments in Ghana
Introduction: One of the useful standard quality assurance techniques in radiation therapy is monitoring entrance doses in in-vivo dosimetry. An overall tolerance limit of 5% of the absorbed radiation dose has been recommended by the International Commission of Radiological Units. The implementation of an in vivo dosimetry still remains as a challenge to clinical medical physicists. As a result, the practice of constant monitoring of patients undergoing radiation therapy in most of the radiotherapy departments in Africa has not been given much attention. The study aimed at the evaluation of in-vivo entrance dosimetry using diodes to verify the accuracy of the radiation delivered to patients, compared to prescribed doses. Material and Methods: In this paper, a protocol for in vivo dosimetry using a two flat surface Sun Nuclear Corporation diode in a radiotherapy department has been implemented in equinox Cobalt 60 beams. A water phantom calibrated was performed using the International Atomic Energy Agency standards (TRS 398). Calibration coefficients were determined with diodes using a Perspex phantom to derive correction factors. A total number of 137 patients’ doses were measured with the diodes during the treatment of 4 different sites. Results: The average deviation between the measured and expected entrance dose performed by the phantom studies was 5% (0.34±1.8%) in almost all cases. Conclusion: The developed protocol in this study indicates that in vivo dosimetry using silicon diodes is reliable, which can be adopted as a universal quality assurance tool in the radiotherapy departments. Moreover, measurements with diodes can be acquired online which produces an instant readout and is relatively cheaper as compared to the ion chamber.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12018_c7e5269e54dc4b8de055e6f91f82137b.pdf
2019-09-01
329
335
10.22038/ijmp.2018.29705.1324
In Vivo Dosimetry
Co-60
Diode
Radiotherapy
Vivian
Atuwo‑Ampoh
vand111@yahoo.com
1
Department of Oncology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
AUTHOR
Eric
Manson
mansonericnaab@yahoo.com
2
Departments of Medical Physics, School of Nuclear and Allied Science, University of Ghana- Atomic Campus, Ghana
LEAD_AUTHOR
Cyril
Schandorf
cschandy@gmail.com
3
Departments of Medical Physics, School of Nuclear and Allied Science, University of Ghana- Atomic Campus, Ghana
AUTHOR
Samuel
Tagoe
samniitagoe@yahoo.co.uk
4
National Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine Centre, Korle-bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
AUTHOR
Eric
Addison
ektaddisson@gmail.com
5
Department of Oncology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
AUTHOR
Emmanuel
Fiagbedzi
emma2g4@gmail.com
6
Department of Oncology, Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
AUTHOR
Huang, K., Bice Jr, W. S., & Hidalgo‐Salvatierra, O. Characterization of an in vivo diode dosimetry system for clinical use. Journal of applied clinical medical physics, 2003; 4(2), 132-142.
1
Feldman A, Edwards FM. The routine use of personal patient dosimeters is of little value in detecting therapeutic misadministrations; Point/Counterpoint. Med Phys. 2001;28:295–7.
2
Kutcher GJ, Coia L, Gillin M, Hanson WF, Leibel S, Morton RJ, et al. Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: Report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40. Med Phys.1994; 21:581–618.
3
Vinall, A. J., A. J. Williams, V. E. Currie, A. Van Esch, and D. Huyskens. "Practical guidelines for routine intensity-modulated radiotherapy verification: pre-treatment verification with portal dosimetry and treatment verification with in vivo dosimetry." The British journal of radiology 83, no. 995 (2010): 949-957.
4
Meiler RJ , Podgorsak MB. Characterization of the response of commercial diode detectors used for in vivo dosimetry. Med Dosim. 1997; 22(6): 31–7.
5
Gager LD, Wright AE, Almond PR. Silicon diode detectors used in radiological physics measurements, Part I: Development of an energy compensating shield. Med Phys. 1997; 4: 494–8.
6
Huyskens D, Bogaerts R, Verstraete J, Lööf M, Nyström H, Fiorino C, et al. Practical guidelines for the implementation of in vivo dosimetry with diodes in external radiotherapy with photon beams (entrance dose). ESTRO booklet. 2001; 5: 13-28.
7
Essers M, Mijnheer BJ. In vivo dosimetry during external photon beam radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1999; 43:245-59.
8
Jornet N, Ribas M, Eudaldo T. In vivo dosimetry: Intercomparison between p-type and n-type based diodes for the 16-25 MV range. Med Phys. 2000; 27:1287-93.
9
Mrčela I, Bokulić T, Budanec M, Kusić Z. Calibration of p-type silicon diodes for dosimety in 60Co beams. Zbornikradova Šestogasimpozija Hrvatskogadru štvazazaštituodzra čenja. 2005;300-5.
10
International Atomic Energy Agency. Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy: An international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water; technical reports series, Vienna, Austria. 2000; 398.
11
Huyskens D, Bogaerts R., Verstraete J, Lööf M, Nyström H, Fiorino C, et al. Practical Guidelines for the Implementation of in vivo Dosimetry with Diodes in External radiotherapy with Photon Beams (entrance dose). ESTRO Physics for Clinical Radiotherapy, Booklet No. 5. 2001.
12
International Atomic Energy Agency. Development of Procedures for in Vivo Dosimetry in Radiotherapy. Human Health Reports, No. 8. 2013. Available from: http://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/Pub1606_web.pdf.
13
Voordeckers M, Goossens H, Rutten J, Van den Bogaert W. The implementation of in vivo dosimetry in a small radiotherapy department. Radiotherapy and oncology. 1998;47(1): 45-8.
14
Van Dam J, Marinello G. Methods for in vivo dosimetry in external radiotherapy. Physics for clinical radiotherapy. ESTRO Booklet No.l. 1994.
15
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
New Method of Quality Control Test for Light and Radiation Field Coincidence in Medical Linear Accelerators
Introduction: The evaluation of X-ray and light field coincidence in linear accelerators as a quality control test is often performed subjectively, involving the manual marking of films and their visual inspection following the irradiation. Therefore, the present study aimed to develop an objective method for the performance of this test leading to the increased levels of accuracy, precision, and speed for the measurement of X-ray and light field coincidence. Material and Methods: The new method involved a portable, lightweight, and inexpensive device containing optically-shielded and non-shielded photodiodes to detect the location and dimensions of the light and X-ray fields. The obtained results were analyzed using purpose-written user-friendly software. Results: On the basis of the results, this system could be a reliable method to measure the coincidence of the two fields with the accuracy of 0.5 mm and average field size standard deviations of Elekta Presice and Siemens Primus are 22.47 mm2 and 22.36 mm2, respectively. The result was well within the tolerance recommended by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine task group report number 142. Conclusion: The proposed method allows accurate and precise measurements through a largely automated process. Therefore, the measurement results benefit from the reduced level of subjectivity or human error, compared to the standard film-based technique.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13084_421e0387b20b2fcd35347c52e448b7c5.pdf
2019-09-01
336
340
10.22038/ijmp.2019.21250.1202
Quality Control
Quality Assurance
Radiation
Mahdi
Heravian Shandiz
mheravian@yahoo.com
1
Medical Equipment Unit, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad-Hossein
Bahreyni-Toosi
bahreynimh@mums.ac.ir
2
Medical Physics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghorban
Safaeian Layen
safaeiangh@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of Technology of Radiology, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Amir Hossein
Ziaei
ziaeeah@mums.ac.ir
4
Department of Technology of Radiology, School of Paramedical Science, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Shandiz MH, Layen GS, Anvari K, Khalilzadeh M. New methods for optical distance indicator and gantry angle quality control tests in medical linear accelerators: Image processing by using a 3D phantom. Radiat Oncol J. 2015;33(1):42-9.
1
Rowshanfarzad P, Sabet M, O’Connor DJ, Greer PB. Isocenter verification for linac-based stereotactic radiation therapy: review of principles and techniques. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2011;12(4).
2
Welsh KT, Wlodarczyk RA, Reinstein LE. A new geometric and mechanical verification device for medical LINACs. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2002;3(2):154-61.
3
Hulick PR, Ascoli FA. Quality Assurance in Radiation Oncology. J Am Coll Radiol. 2005;2(7):613-16.
4
Klein EE, Hanley J, Bayouth J, Yin FF, Simon W, Dresser S, et al. Task group 142 report: quality assurance of medical accelerators. Med Phys. 2009;36(9):4197-212.
5
Kutcher GJ, Coia L, Gillin M, Hanson WF, Leibel S, Morton RJ, et al. Comprehensive QA for radiation oncology: report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 40. Med phys. 1994;21(4):581-618.
6
Monti AF, Frigerio M, Frigerio G. Visual verification of linac light and radiation fields coincidence. Med Dosim. 2003;28(2):91-3.
7
Sheu R, Svoboda A, Dumane V, Lo Y. SU-E-T-203: Sensitivity Study on the Use of Computed Radiography for Linac Routine Quality Assurance - Light/radiation Field Coincidence. Medical Physics. 2011;38(6):3533.
8
Njeh CF, Caroprese B, Desai P. A simple quality assurance test tool for the visual verification of light and radiation field congruent using electronic portal images device and computed radiography. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:49.
9
APPLICATION NOTE 2236, Gamma-Photon Radiation Detector. MAXIM Integrated. 2003. Available from: https://pdfserv.maximintegrated.com/en/an/AN2236.pdf.
10
Najmabadi F. The Physics of Radiation & Radiology. Jahad Daneshgahi ATU. 2005; 527.
11
Silicon PIN Photodiode. In: Semiconductors V, editor. VISHAY; 2011.
12
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Calculation of the Equivalent Dose of the First and the Most Important Secondary Particles in Brain Proton Therapy by Monte Carlo Simulation
Introduction: Due to nuclear interactions between the tissues and high-energy protons, the particles, including neutrons, positrons, and photons arise during proton therapy. This study aimed at investigating the dose distribution of proton and secondary particles, such as positrons, neutrons, and photons using the Monte Carlo method. Material and Methods: In this study, a beam of protons was utilized with the energies of 160 and 190 MeV, which are more popular for brain tumor treatment. This beam irradiated the brain phantom after passing through proton therapy nozzle components. This phantom has a tumor with a radius of 3 cm in its centre. The most important parts of the nozzle include magnetic wobbler, scatterer, ridge filter, and collimator. Results: The results show that while using protons with the energy values of 190 and 160 MeV, the equivalent dose fractions in tumor, brain, skull, and skin to the total equivalent dose in the head are 61.8 (62.4%), 10.4(10.9%), 6.07(3.69%), and 21.7(23%), respectively, regarding the primary and secondary particles. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, in spite of the fact that most of the equivalent dose was inside the tumor volume, the skin of head has received the noticeable dose during proton therapy of brain which needs more concern.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12164_0b125078d4a09eaa4810289c5f3ec175.pdf
2019-09-01
341
348
10.22038/ijmp.2019.32424.1386
brain tumor
Monte Carlo Method
Proton Therapy
Nasim Alsadat
Mousavi
mosavi.nasim012@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Karimian
karimian@eng.ui.ac.ir
2
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
mohammadhassan
alamatsaz
alamatsa@cc.iut.ac.ir
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
AUTHOR
Tavakol M, Karimian A, Aldaavati M. Dose Assessment of Eye and Its Components in Proton Therapy by Monte Carlo Method. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2014;11(1):205-14.
1
Joshi B, Kushwaha M, Jain AK. On the discrepancy between proton and α-induced d-cluster knockout on 16O. Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. 2016;2016 (12).
2
Khan J, Kann BH, Pan W, Drachtman R, Roberts K, Parikh RR. Underutilization of proton therapy in the treatment of pediatric central nervous system tumors: an analysis of the National Cancer Database. Acta Oncologica. 2017;56(8):1122-5.
3
Farah J, Sayah R, Martinetti F, Donadille L, Lacoste V, Herault J,et al. Secondary neutron doses in proton therapy treatments of ocular melanoma and craniopharyngioma. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2014;161(1-4):363-7.
4
Zheng Y, Newhauser W, Fontenot J, Taddei P, Mohan R. Monte Carlo study of neutron dose equivalent during passive scattering proton therapy. Physics in medicine and biology. 2007; 52(15):4481-96.
5
Zheng Y, Liu Y, Zeidan O, Schreuder AN, Keole S. Measurements of neutron dose equivalent for a proton therapy center using uniform scanning proton beams. Medical physics. 2012; 39(6):3484-92.
6
Geng C, Moteabbed M, Seco J, Gao Y, Xu XG, Ramos-Méndez J, et al. Dose assessment for the fetus considering scattered and secondary radiation from photon and proton therapy when treating a brain tumor of the mother. Physics in medicine and biology. 2016; 61(2):683-95.
7
Kettern K, Coenen H, QaimS. Quantification of radiation dose from short-lived positron emitters formed in human tissue under proton therapy conditions. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2009; 78(6):380-5.
8
Seravalli E, Robert C, Bauer J, Stichelbaut4 F, Kurz C, Smeets J, et al. Monte Carlo calculations of positron emitter yields in proton radiotherapy. Physics in medicine and biology. 2012;57(6):1659-73.
9
Reaction Rate. Available from: https://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power/reactor-physics/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals/neutron-nuclear-reactions/reaction-rate/
10
TENDL-2014 Nuclear data library. Available from: http://ftp.nrg.eu/pub/www/talys/tendl2014/proton_html/proton.html.
11
Akagi T, Higashi A, Tsugami H, Sakamoto H, Masuda Y, Hishikawa Y. Ridge filter design for proton therapy at Hyogo Ion Beam Medical Center. Physics in medicine and biology.2003; 48(22): 301-12.
12
Riazi Z, Afarideh H, Sadighi-Bonabi R. Fast numerical method for calculating the 3D proton dose profile in a single-ring wobbling spreading system. Australasian Physical & Engineering Sciences in Medicine. 2011; 34(3): 317-25.
13
Riazi Z, Afarideh H, Sadighi-Bonabi R. Influence of ridge filter material on the beam efficiency and secondary neutron production in a proton therapy system. Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik . 2012; 22(3): 231-40.
14
Eckerman K. Description of the Mathematical Phantoms. 2002: 1-48.
15
ACE Libraries for Monte Carlo Transport Codes. https://www-xdiv.lanl.gov/projects/data/nuclear/mcnpdata.html.
16
ICRP, 2007. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2-4).
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for Common Computed Tomography Procedures at a Tertiary Hospital in South Africa
Introduction: An operational computed tomography (CT) scanner is a major source of human exposure to ionizing radiation. Exposure increases the risk of cancer and aplastic anaemia. All radiation exposures should be justified and optimized to meet the clinical objective. In order to avoid the administration of excessive radiation dose to patients, diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) were proposed. The DRLs identify unusually high radiation doses during CT procedures, which are not commensurate with the clinical objective. They have been successfully implemented in Europe, United States, some developed countries, and a few developing countries. In this regard, the present study aimed at establishing DRLs for the head, chest, and abdomen/pelvis CT procedures at a tertiary hospital in South Africa. Material and Methods: A retrospective analysis of volume CT dose index (CTDIvol) and dose length product (DLP) was performed on 100 randomly selected adult patients for each of the head, chest, and abdomen/pelvis CT procedures. The mean values of the DLP and CTDIvol dose parameters were calculated using SPSS, version 24. Results: The established DRLs for CTDIvol were 32; 7, and 32 mGy for the head, abdomen/pelvis, and chest, respectively, while the DLPs for the respective protocols were 767, 386, and 593 mGy.cm. Conclusion: The implementation of DRLs facilitates identifying CT doses that are not commensurate with the clinical objective, thereby lowering patients’ doses significantly.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11900_a4cf4fda9f631e50d40b55931e4ea63c.pdf
2019-09-01
349
354
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31033.1396
dose length product
Computed Tomography
Radiology
Radiation Dosimetry
Mpumelelo
Nyathi
mpumelelo.nyathi@smu.ac.za
1
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
Gezani Isaac
Shivambu
sgezaniisaac@gmail.com
2
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University, Ga-Rankuwa, South Africa
AUTHOR
Liang CR, Chen PX, Kapur J, Ong MK, Quek ST, Kapur SC. Establishment of institutional diagnostic reference levels for computed tomography with automated dose-tracking software. J Med Radiat Sci. 2017; 64:82-9.
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Jaykumar S. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography for select procedures in Pudhuchery, India. J Med Phys. 2014; 39(1):50-6.
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Bahreyni Toossi MT, Bahrami M. Assessment of Patient Dose from CT Examinations in Khorasan, Iran. Iran J Med Phys. 2012; 9(4):233-8.
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Kanal KM, Butler PF, Sengupta D, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs LP, Morin RL. U.S. Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses f or 10 Adult CT Examination. Radiology. 2017; 284:120-33.
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Meyer S, Groenewald WA, Pitcher RD. Diagnostic reference levels in low- and middle-income countries: early ‘‘ALARAm’’ bells? Acta Radiologica. 2017; 58(4):442-8.
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Esen Nsikan U, Obed, R. Assessment of Patients’ Entrance Skin Dose from Diagnostic X-ray Examinations at Public Hospitals of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015; 12(2):93-100.
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Nyathi M. Quantitative evaluation of parotid and submandibular salivary glands function post radiation therapy of head and neck tumours. PhD thesis. Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University. Ga-Rankuwa. South Africa. 2016.
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Zarghani H, Bahreyni Toossi MT. Evaluation of Organ and Effective Doses to Patients Arising from Some Common X-Ray Examinations by PCXMC Program in Sabzevar. Iran J Med Phys. 2015; 12(4): 284-91.
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Zarghani H, Bahreyni Toossi MT. Local Diagnostic Reference Levels for Some Common Diagnostic X-Ray Examinations In Sabzevar County of Iran. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15:62-5.
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American College of Radiology. ACR practice guideline for diagnostic reference levels in medical x-ray imaging. In: American College of Radiology. Practice guidelines and technical standards. Reston, Va: American College of Radiology; 2002:1– 6.
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American College of Radiology. Practice and guideline for diagnostic reference levels in Medical X-ray Imaging. Available from: http://www.ncradiation.net/Xray/documents/acrreflevelsfluoro.pdf
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Kanal KM, Butler PF, Sengupta D, Bhargavan-Chatfield M, Coombs LP, Morin RL. U.S. Diagnostic Reference Levels and Achievable Doses f or 10 Adult CT Examination. Radiology. 2017; 284:120-33.
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McCollough C, Branham T, Herlihy V, Bhargavan M, Robbins L, Bush K , et al. Diagnostic Reference Levels from the ACR CT Accreditation Program. J Am Coll Radiol. 2011; 8: 793-5.
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Jayakumar S. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels in computed tomography for select procedures in Pudhuchery, India. J Med Phys. 2014. 39(1):50-5.
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Foley JS, Mcentee MF, Rainford LA. Establishment of CT diagnostic reference levels in Ireland. Brit J Radiol. 2012; 85:1390-97.
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Shrimpton PC, Hillier MC, Meeson S, Golding SJ. Doses from Computed Tomography (CT) Examinations in the UK – 2011 Review. Oxfordshire. England. 2014.
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Ekpo EU, Adejoh T, Akwo JD, Emeka OC, Modu AA, Abba M, et al. Diagnostic reference levels for common computed tomography (CT) examinations. J. Radiol Prot. 2018. 38: 525-35.
29
Nei P, Li H, Duan Y, Wang X, Ji X, Cheng Z, Wang A, et al. Impact of sonogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) algorithm on image quality with 70 kVp-Tube voltage dual-source CT angiography in children with congenital heart disease. Plos ONE. 2014; 9: e91123.
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Sahknini L. CT radiation dose optimization and reduction for routine head, chest and abdominal CT examination. Radiol. Diagn Imaging. 2017; 2(1): 1-4.
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Ekpo EU, Adejoh T, Akwo JD, et al. Diagnostic reference levels for common computed tomography (CT) examinations. J. Radiol Prot. 2018. 38: 525-35.
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Tavakoli MB, Heydari K, Jafari S. Evaluation of Diagnostic Reference Levels for CT scan in Isfahan. Global Journal of Medicine Researches and Studies. 2014; 1(4): 130-4.
35
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dosimetric Effect Resulting From the Collimator Angle, the Isocenter Move, and the Gantry Angle Errors
Introduction: Dose distribution can be affected by diverse parameters, such as beam orientations, and collimator angles. These parameters should respect and maintain the international recommended levels during the realization of the quality assurance protocols of linear accelerators. This study aimed at evaluating the dosimetric effects on treatment quality considering the mechanical error fluctuations in the recommended range. Material and Methods: This study included ten patients with head and neck cancer. All of them were treated using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy with the simple 3-field classic technique. Initially, an optimized treatment plan was computed for each patient. Afterward, similar calculations were executed by varying isocenter position, gantry and collimator angles. Eventually, dosimetric evaluations based on dose-volume histograms were studied and analyzed by Wilcoxon signed rank test for each plan. Results: The analysis of the dose-volume histograms of tumor volumes and organs at risk, as well as the dosimetry calculation, revealed that the small errors of 0.5° in gantry and collimator angles have minimal effects on dose distribution. However, the variation in isocenter coordinating up to 1 mm may influence the patients’ treatment quality, particularly in the spinal cord and the brainstem, in which Wilcoxon's test showed significant effects in all plans. Conclusion: According to the results, the quality of the treatment plans is almost insensitive to the errors of the gantry and the collimator angles of the order 0.5° though it is relatively sensitive to isocenter errors (1 mm). These should be reduced in order to avoid overdose when applying the conventional 3-field technique.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12319_149efe2c54c643bd18a3dcd339fc3fc0.pdf
2019-09-01
355
361
10.22038/ijmp.2019.30616.1350
collimator angle
Dosimetry
granty angle
Head and neck
Linac
Radiotherapy
Yassine
Oulhouq
oulhouq.y@gmail.com
1
HASSAN II Oncology Center, University Hospital Mohammed VI & LPMR, Faculty of sciences, University Mohamed 1st, Oujda, Morocco
AUTHOR
Abdeslem
Rrhioua
a.rrhioua@ump.ac.ma
2
LPMR, Faculty of sciences, University Mohamed 1st, Oujda, Morocco
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mustapha
Zerfaoui
zerfaouim@yahoo.fr
3
LPMR, Faculty of sciences, University Mohamed 1st, Oujda, Morocco
AUTHOR
Dikra
Bakari
dikra.bakari@gmail.com
4
National School of Applied Sciences, University Mohamed 1st, Oujda, Morocco
AUTHOR
Thwaites DI, Mijnheer BJ, Mills JA. Quality assurance of external beam radiotherapy. Radiation oncology physics: a hand-book for teachers and students. 2005:470-50.
1
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Xing L, Lin ZX, Donaldson SS, Le QT, Tate D, Goffinet DR, et al. Dosimetric effects of patient displacement and collimator and gantry angle misalignment on intensity modulated radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol. 2000;56(1):97-108.
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LoSasso T, Chui CS, Ling CC. Physical and dosimetric aspects of a multileaf collimation system used in the dynamic mode for implementing intensity modulated radiotherapy. Med. phys. 1998;25(10):1919-27.
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Klein. QA of Medical Accelerators: report of AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee Task Group 142. Med Phys. 2009; 36:4197-210.
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Luxton G, Antony J, Loo BW, Carlson D, Maxim PG, Xing L. Dose Escalation Feasible Due to Gating in Lung Cancer Patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2008;72(1):S625.
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Herrassi MY, Bentayeb F, Malisan MR. Comparative study of four advanced 3dconformal radiation therapy treatment planning techniques for head and neck cancer. J Med Phys. 2013; 38:98-105.
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Mesbahi A., Rasuli N., Nasiri B., mohammadzadeh M. Radiobiological Model. Based Comparison of Three Dimensional Conformal and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Plans for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Iran J Med Phys. 2017;14(4):190-6. DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2017.22508.1213.
15
Petrova D, Smickovska S, Lazarevska E. Conformity Index and Homogeneity Index of the Postoperative Whole Breast Radiotherapy. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 2017;5(6):736.
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DeSalvo MN. Radiation necrosis of the pons after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: diagnosis and treatment. J Radiol Case Rep. 2012; 6:9–16.
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Hauptman JS, Barkhoudarian G, Safaee M, Gorgulho A, Tenn S, Agazaryan N, et al. Challenges in Linear Accelerator Radiotherapy for chordomas and chondrosarcomas of the skull base: focus on complications. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2012; 83:542–551.
23
Timmerman RD. An overview of hypofractionation and introduction to this issue of seminars in radiation oncology. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 2008; 18:215–22.
24
Guimas V, Thariat J, Graff-Cailleau P, Boisselier P, Pointreau Y, Pommier P, et al. Intensity modulated radiotherapy for head and neck cancer, dose constraint for normal tissue: Cochlea vestibular apparatus and brainstem. Cancer radiother. 2016;20(6-7):475-83.
25
Mayo C, Yorke E, Merchant TE. Radiation Associated Brainstem Injury. Int J Radiat Oncol. 2010; 76:36–41.
26
Yao CY, Zhou GR, Wang LJ, Xu JH, Ye JJ, Zhang LF, et al. A retrospective dosimetry study of intensity-modulated radio-therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: radiation-induced brainstem injury and dose-volume analysis. Radiat Oncol. 2018;13(1):194. DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-1105-z.
27
Attalla E, Eldesoky I. The Dosimetric Effects of Different Multileaf Collimator Widths on Physical Dose Distributions. Iran J Med Phys. 2018;15(1):12-8.DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2017.20058.1190.
28
Bahreyni Toossi MT, Rajab Bolookat E, Salek R, Layegh M. Dose measurements of parotid glands and spinal cord in conventional treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using rando phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Iranian J Med Phys. 2015;12(2):78-84.DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2015.4769.
29
Adamus.Górka M, Mavroidis P, Lind BK, Brahme A. Comparison of Dose Response Models for Predicting Normal Tis-sue Complications from Cancer Radiotherapy: Application in Rat Spinal Cord. Cancers. 2011; 3(2): 2421-43. DOI:10.3390/cancers3022421.
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McKenzie A, van Herk M, Mijnheer B. Margins for geometric uncertainty around organs at risk in radiotherapy. Radio-therapy and Oncology. 2002;62(3):299-307.
31
Majumder D, Patra NB, Chatterjee D, Mallick SK, Kabasi AK, Majumder A. Prescribed dose versus calculated dose of spinal cord in standard head and neck irradiation assessed by 3.D plan. South Asian J. Cancer. 2014; 3(1): 22-7. DOI:10.4103/2278.330X.126510.
32
Boisselier P, Racadot S, Thariat J, Graff P, Pointreau Y.Intensity modulated radiotherapy of head and neck cancers. Dose constraint for spinal cord and brachial plexus. Cancer Radiother. 2016;20(6-7):459-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.canrad.2016.08.124.
33
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Optimization of Natural Rhenium Irradiation Time to Produce Compositional Radiopharmaceutical
Introduction: Previously, 186Re and 188Re radioisotopes have been produced through appropriate activities, and each of them has been used for therapeutic applications. The 186Re and 188Re have unique properties, which make them proper for the treatment of tumors in different sizes. The long-range 188Re, is suitable for the annihilation of large tumors. In contrast, the short-range 186Re is desirable for the destruction of small tumors. The aim of this study was to find the suitable time for rhenium irradiation in order to simultaneously produce radionuclides with both appropriate and identical activities. Material and Methods: To reach 186Re and 188Re with appropriate activities to produce compositional radiopharmaceutical, we have investigated natural rhenium irradiation at different times to produce 186Re and 188Re simultaneously with appropriate and identical activities to reach compositional radiopharmaceutical. In this regard, the simultaneous production of 186Re and 188Re with appropriate activities were investigated analytically through natural rhenium irradiation in a reactor. The irradiation was assessed at different time intervals in order to reach appropriate activities for compositional radiopharmaceuticals. Results: On the basis of the findings, 186Re and 188Re could be produced simultaneously with suitable and almost equal activities with irradiating natural rhenium for 4 days and considering 1 day for cooling. Moreover, the obtained results of this study revealed that the generated impurities were negligible. Conclusion: The optimization of natural rhenium irradiation time can help the simultaneous production of 186Re and 188Re with appropriate activities for compositional radiopharmaceuticals.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12115_77c60d57a1e007aef592f6ec3dd95238.pdf
2019-09-01
362
367
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33853.1421
Radioisotope
Radiopharmaceutical
Rhenium-186
Rhenium-188
zahra
pourhabib
pourhabib_z@student.pnu.ac.ir
1
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Hassan
Ranjbar
hranjbar@aeoi.org.ir
2
Material and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali
Bahrami Samani
asaman@aeoi.org.ir
3
Material and Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
AliAsghar
Shokri
r.poorhabib62@gmail.com
4
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran.
AUTHOR
Gholamrezanezhad, A., 12 Chapters on Nuclear Medicine. 2011.
1
Gholipour, N., A. Vakili, E. Radfar, A.R. Jalilian, A. Bahrami-Samani, S. Shirvani-Arani, et al., Optimization of 90 Y-antiCD20 preparation for radioimmunotherapy. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 2013; 9(2): p. 199.
2
Yousefnia, H., R. Enayati, M. Hosntalab, S. Zolghadri, and A. Bahrami-Samani, Samarium-153-(4-[((bis (phosphonomethyl)) carbamoyl) methyl]-7, 10-bis (carboxymethyl)-1, 4, 7, 10-tetraazacyclododec-1-yl) acetic acid: A novel agent for bone pain palliation therapy. Journal of cancer research and therapeutics, 2016; 12(3): p. 1117.
3
Gielen, M. and E.R. Tiekink, Metallotherapeutic drugs and metal-based diagnostic agents: the use of metals in medicine. 2005: John Wiley & Sons.
4
http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/toi/.
5
Ranjbar, H., A. Bahrami-Samani, D. Beiki, and M. Ghannadi-Maragheh, Development of 153Sm/177Lu-EDTMP as a possible therapeutic complex. Iranian Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 2017; 25(1): p. 11-16.
6
Ranjbar, H., A. Bahrami-Samani, M.R. Yazdani, and M. Ghannadi-Maragheh, Determination of human absorbed dose of cocktail of 153 Sm/177 Lu-EDTMP, based on biodistribution data in rats. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 2016; 307(2): p. 1439-1444.
7
https://www-nds.iaea.org/exfor/endf.htm., I.A.E.A.E.N.D.F.E.A.f.
8
Epping, B., G. Leinweber, D. Barry, M. Rapp, R. Block, T. Donovan, et al., Rhenium resonance parameters from neutron capture and transmission measurements in the energy range 0.01 eV to 1 keV. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 2017; 99: p. 59-72.
9
Banerjee, S., T. Das, G. Samuel, H. Sarma, M. Venkatesh, and M. Pillai, A novel [186/188Re]-labelled porphyrin for targeted radiotherapy. Nuclear medicine communications, 2001; 22(10): p. 1101-1107.
10
Das, T., S. Banerjee, G. Samuel, K. Kothari, P. Unni, H. Sarma, et al., [186/188Re] rhenium-ethylene dicysteine (Re-Ec): preparation and evaluation for possible use in endovascular brachytherapy. Nuclear medicine and biology, 2000; 27(2): p. 189-197.
11
Häfeli, U.O., S. Casillas, D.W. Dietz, G.J. Pauer, L.A. Rybicki, S.D. Conzone, et al., Hepatic tumor radioembolization in a rat model using radioactive rhenium (186Re/188Re) glass microspheres. International Journal of Radiation Oncology• Biology• Physics, 1999; 44(1): p. 189-199.
12
Kothari, K., M. Pillai, P. Unni, A. Mathakar, H. Shimpi, O. Noronha, et al., Preparation of 186Re complexes of dimercaptosuccinic acid and hydroxy ethylidine diphosphonate. Modern Trends in Radiopharmaceuticals for Diagnosis and Therapy, 1998: p. 539-555.
13
Kothari, K., M. Pillai, P. Unni, H. Shimpi, O. Noronha, and A. Samuel, Preparation, stability studies and pharmacological behavior of [186Re] Re–HEDP. Applied radiation and isotopes, 1999; 51(1): p. 51-58.
14
Kothari, K., D. Satpati, A. Mukherjee, H. Sarma, M. Venkatesh, and M. Pillai, Kidney uptake of 186/188Re (V)‐DMSA is significantly reduced when the reducing agent is changed from stannous ion to metabisulfite. Journal of Labelled Compounds and Radiopharmaceuticals: The Official Journal of the International Isotope Society, 2002; 45(8): p. 675-686.
15
Unni, P., K. Kothari, and M. Pillai, Radiochemical processing of radionulides (105 Rh, 166 Ho, 153 Sm, 186 Re and 188 Re) for targeted radiotherapy. 2001.
16
Ranjbar, H., M. Ghannadi-Maragheh, A. Bahrami-Samani, and D. Beiki, Dosimetric evaluation of 153Sm-EDTMP, 177Lu-EDTMP and 166Ho-EDTMP for systemic radiation therapy: Influence of type and energy of radiation and half-life of radionuclides. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2015; 108: p. 60-64.
17
Dvoráková, Z., Production and chemical processing of Lu-177 for nuclear medicine at the Munich research reactor FRM-II. 2007, Technische Universität München.
18
Spangler, S., J. Sisolak, and D. Henderson, Calculational models for the treatment of pulsed/intermittent activation within fusion energy devices. Fusion engineering and design, 1993; 22(4): p. 349-366.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effects of Kilovoltage on Image Quality and Entrance Surface Dose in Lumbar Spine Digital Radiography
Introduction: Digital radiography possesses a wide dynamic range and has a major advantage in producing an acceptable image of diagnostic value even though overexposure occurs. Lumbar spine (LS) radiography is the most common examinations that gives high radiation dose to patients and accounts for the highest collective population dose of any conventional radiographic examinations. As such, this study was carried out to ascertain the impact of image quality and entrance surface dose (ESD) with different exposure settings in the anteroposterior (AP) and lateral LS. Material and Methods: The torso of the PBU-50 phantom was exposed to medium and high kilovoltage peak (kVp). A total of 14 images for LS were obtained. Relative image quality was assessed using Leeds Test Objects TOR CDR whilst the ESD was ascertained using an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter. Results: The results of Friedman test indicated a significant difference in image quality when using medium and high kVp. Wilcoxon signed-rank test also reflected a significant difference in ESD between the use of medium and high kVp for both AP and lateral LS. Conclusion: Significant differences in image quality and ESD were obtained using medium and high kVp with medium kVp resulting in high contrast but low contrast sensitivity and vice versa. The findings of the present study indicated that the recommended kVp for AP LS was from 75kVp to 81kVp whilst for lateral LS the recommended kVp was from 85kVp to 90kVp for an average adult patient.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11841_3306b92c18a28a3f51924704d1a732ee.pdf
2019-09-01
368
371
10.22038/ijmp.2018.34167.1431
Digital Radiography
Image Quality
Radiation Dosage
lumbar spine
Hanis Aisyah
Ramli
aisyahr.0407@gmail.com
1
Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan Pahang
AUTHOR
Soo-Foon
Moey
moeysf@iium.edu.my
2
Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University of Malaysia, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan Pahang
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hart D, Wall BF. UK population dose from medical x-ray examinations. European Journal Radiology. 2004; 50: 285-91.
1
Moey SF, Shazli ZA, Sayed I. Dose Evaluation for Common Digital Radiographic Examinations in Selected Hospitals in Pahang Malaysia. Iran J Med Phys. 2017; 14: 155-61.
2
Clancy CL, O’Reilly G, Brennan PC, McEntee MF. The effect of patient shield position on gonad dose during lumbar spine radiography. Radiography. 2010; 16(2):131–5.
3
Moey SF, Shazli ZA. Optimization of Dose and Image Quality in Full-field Digital and Computed Radiography Systems for Common Digital Radiographic Examinations. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 28-38.
4
Seeram E. Optimization of the exposure indicator of a computed radiography imaging system as a radiation dose management strategy. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Medical Radiation Science, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Australia. 2012.
5
Mattoon JS, Smith C. CE Breakthroughs in radiography: computed radiography. Direct. 2004; 4 (Jan): 58–66.
6
Gibson DJ, Davidson RA. Exposure creep in computed radiography. A longitudinal study. Academic Radiology. 2012; 19(4): 458–62.
7
Ludwig K, Ahlers K, Wormanns D, Freund M, Bernhardt TM, Diederich S, et al. Lumbar spine radiography: digital flat-panel detector versus screen-film and storage-phosphor systems in monkeys as a pediatric model. Radiology. 2003; 222: 453-9.
8
Herrmann TL, Fauber TL, Gill J, Hoffman C, Orth DK, Peterson PA, et al. Best practices in digital radiography. Radiologic Technology. 2012; 84(1): 83–9.
9
Sprawls P. The Physical Principles of Medical Imaging. 2nd ed. Madison: Sprawls; 1996.
10
Carlton RR, Adler AM. Radiographic Imaging: Concept and Principles. 5th ed. New York: Delmar; 2013.
11
Martin CJ. Optimization in general radiography. Biomed Imaging Interv J. 2007; 3(2): e18.
12
Herrmann TL, Fauber TL, Gill J, Hoffman C, Orth DK, Peterson PA, et al. Best practices in digital radiography. Radiol Technol. 2012; 84:83–9.
13
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Gonadal Exposure Dose in Long Bone Plain Radiography for Radiation Protection
Introduction: Long bone examination in standing position, as one of the diagnostic methods in plain radiography, is most commonly used in the field of medical diagnosis, especially leg length discrepancy. However, with regard to this examination, reproductive organs are exposed to radiation as they are placed in the adjacent area to the long bone. Due to the sensitivity of gonads to radiation, their exposure must be kept as minimal as possible to the extent to which proper diagnosis is feasible in order to reduce tumor growth in lower extremity examination. The purpose of this study was to optimize the radiation dose in the long bone examination in standing position. Material and Methods: This experimental study was conducted to evaluate the radiation exposure dose to a phantom and estimate effective doses and organ-specific doses (i.e., testes and ovaries) among patients using PC-based Monte Carlo program. Results: A phantom examination in the posterior-anterior (PA) configuration produced a radiation dose nine and three times smaller than those in the anterior-posterior (AP) and AP with shielding configurations, respectively. In a patient study (PA configuration), the testes, ovaries and effective doses were estimated at 15, 1.2, and 2 times smaller than those in the AP configuration, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that examinations in the PA configuration produce a smaller radiation dose than those in the AP configuration.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11820_dabc98b1c6bd18418aa43933b146bb4d.pdf
2019-09-01
372
376
10.22038/ijmp.2018.34502.1435
Effective Dose
Radiological technique
Radiation Protection
Radiation Dosages Diagnostic X-Ray
Jina
Shim
eoeornfl@naver.com
1
Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
AUTHOR
Myonggeun
Yoon
radioyoon@korea.ac.kr
2
Department of Bio-Convergence Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
AUTHOR
Youngjin
Lee
yj20@gachon.ac.kr
3
Department of Radiological Sciences, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
LEAD_AUTHOR
Walsh M, Connolly P, Jenkinson A, O'Brien T. Leg length discrepancy—an experimental study of compensatory changes in three dimensions using gait analysis. Gait Posture. 2000; 12(2): 156-61.
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Gurney B. Leg length discrepancy. Gait Posture. 2002; 15(2): 195-206.
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Zarghani H, Bahreyni Toossi MT. Evaluation of Organ and Effective Doses to Patients Arising From Some Common X-Ray Examinations by PCXMC Program in Sabzevar, Iran. IJMP. 2015; 12(4): 284-91.
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Protection R. ICRP publication 103. Ann ICRP. 2007; 37(2.4): 2.
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12
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13
Singhal MK, Kapoor A, Singh D, Bagri PK, Narayan S, Nirban RK, et al. Scattered radiation to gonads: role of testicular shielding for para-aortic and homolateral illiac nodal radiotherapy. J Egypt Natl Canc Inst. 2014; 26(2): 99-101.
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Liakos P, Schoenecker PL, Lyons D, Gordon JE. Evaluation of the efficacy of pelvic shielding in preadolescent girls. J Pediatr Orthop. 2001; 21(4): 433-5.
17
Davey E, England A. AP versus PA positioning in lumbar spine computed radiography: Image quality and individual organ doses. Radiography. 2015; 21(2): 188-96.
18
Ben-Shlomo A, Bartal G, Shabat S, Mosseri M. Effective dose and breast dose reduction in paediatric scoliosis X-ray radiography by an optimal positioning. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2013; 156(1): 30-6.
19
Ben-Shlomo A, Bartal G, Mosseri M, Avraham B, Leitner Y, Shabat S. Effective dose reduction in spine radiographic imaging by choosing the less radiation-sensitive side of the body. Spine J. 2016; 16(4): 558-63.
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Chaparian A, Kanani A, Baghbanian M. Reduction of radiation risks in patients undergoing some X-ray examinations by using optimal projections: a Monte Carlo program-based mathematical calculation. J Med Phys. 2014; 39(1): 32.
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Sikand M, Stinchcombe S, Livesley P. Study on the use of gonadal protection shields during paediatric pelvic X-rays. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2003; 85(6): 422.
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Le Huec J, Saddiki R, Franke J, Rigal J, Aunoble S. Equilibrium of the human body and the gravity line: the basics. Eur Spine J. 2011; 20(5): 558.
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Hart D, Wall BF. UK population dose from medical x-ray examinations. European Journal Radiology. 2004; 50: 285-91.
24
Moey SF, Shazli ZA, Sayed I. Dose Evaluation for Common Digital Radiographic Examinations in Selected Hospitals in Pahang Malaysia. Iran J Med Phys. 2017; 14: 155-61.
25
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Fabrication of New 3D Phantom for the measurement of Geometric Distortion in Magnetic Resonance Imaging System
Introduction: Geometric distortion, an important parameter in neurology and oncology. The current study aimed to design and construct a new three-dimensional (3D) phantom using a 3D printer in order to measure geometric distortion and its 3D reproducibility. Material and Methods: In this study, a new phantom containing 13,824 reference features (control points) was designed with AutoCAD software, fabricated with a 3D printer, and filled with vegetable oil. This phantom was tested on the Siemens 3 Tesla Prisma MRI model using a 64-channel head coil. Six-slice computed tomography (CT) scan images were used as a reference. Moreover, the reference features of MRI images were matched with those of CT scan images using a 3D reference model. The reproducibility of the phantom was investigated on three different days (three different imaging sessions per day). Results: The obtained 3D results indicated that the non-uniformity of field and nonlinearity of the gradients and imaging reproducibility could lead to geometric distortion. The mean Euclidean distance error for MRI volume was less than 1 mm. The maximum Euclidean error was 1.5 mm. Distortion in the whole volume was pronounced more specifically at the edges of the magnetic field. Conclusion: The results showed that the amount of distortion in the middle of the field was less than at its sides. This phantom can be used to check the distortion filters on the device. Furthermore, this phantom can be used to study geometric distortion in scenarios that require a small study volume, such as prostate studies.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12037_d2c3ad88d4cbf3cebb2a7bb5886d4e03.pdf
2019-09-01
377
384
10.22038/ijmp.2018.35346.1442
MRI
Distortion
Phantom
sadegh
shurche
sadegh.shurche@yahoo.com
1
Department of Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad
Yousefi sooteh
myousefisooteh@gmail.com
2
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
Keller SS, Roberts N. Measurement of brain volume using MRI: software, techniques, choices and prerequisites. J Anthropol Sci. 2009;87:127-51.
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Oghabian MA, Faeghi F, Tohidnia MR. Effect of phase-encoding reduction on geometric distortion and BOLD signal changes in fMRI. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2012;9(4):275-81.
2
Harvey H, Orton MR, Morgan VA, Parker C, Dearnaley D, Fisher C, et al. Volumetry of the dominant intraprostatic tumour lesion: intersequence and interobserver differences on multiparametric MRI. The British journal of radiology. 2017;90(1071):20160416.
3
Fraass BA, McShan DL, Diaz RF, Ten Haken RK, Aisen A, Gebarski S, et al. Integration of magnetic resonance imaging into radiation therapy treatment planning: I. Technical considerations. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1987;13(12):1897-908.
4
Mallozzi R. Geometric Distortion in MRI. The Phantom Laboratory, Inc. 2015.
5
Wang D, Doddrell DM, Cowin G. A novel phantom and method for comprehensive 3-dimensional measurement and correction of geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2004; 22(4):529-42.
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Kawanaka A, Takagi M. Estimation of static magnetic field and gradient fields from NMR image. Journal of Physics E: Scientific Instruments. 1986 ;19(10):871.
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Mizowaki T, Nagata Y, Okajima K, Kokubo M, Negoro Y, Araki N, et al. Reproducibility of geometric distortion in magnetic resonance imaging based on phantom studies. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2000; 57(2):237-42.
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Ashkanmehr M, Riyahi Alam N, Oghabian MA, Ghasemzadeh A, Bakhtiary M, Ghanaati H, et al. Assessment of Reproducibility of Geometric Distortion in MRI using Phantom Measurements. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2005; 2(3):1-8.
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Walton L, Hampshire A, Forster DM, Kemeny AA. A phantom study to assess the accuracy of stereotactic localization, using T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging with the Leksell stereotactic system. Neurosurgery. 1996; 38(1):170-8.
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Walton L, Hampshire A, Forster DM, Kemeny AA. Stereotactic localization with magnetic resonance imaging: a phantom study to compare the accuracy obtained using two-dimensional and three-dimensional data acquisitions. Neurosurgery. 1997;41(1):131-9.
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Yu C, Apuzzo ML, Zee CS, Petrovich Z. A phantom study of the geometric accuracy of computed tomographic and magnetic resonance imaging stereotactic localization with the Leksell stereotactic system. Neurosurgery. 2001;48(5):1092-9.
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Baldwin LN, Wachowicz K, Thomas SD, Rivest R, Fallone BG. Characterization, prediction, and correction of geometric distortion in MR images. Medical physics. 2007;34(2):388-99.
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Breeuwer MM, Holden M, Zylka W. Detection and correction of geometric distortion in 3D MR images. InMedical Imaging 2001: Image Processing. 2001 ;4322:1110-21.
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Mazaheri Y, Goldman DA, Di Paolo PL, Akin O, Hricak H. Comparison of prostate volume measured by endorectal coil MRI to prostate specimen volume and mass after radical prostatectomy. Academic radiology. 2015;22(5):556-62.
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Shurche S, Alam NR. Investigating the geometric distortion in 3 tesla MRI images based on the phantom studies. Frontiers in Biomedical Technologies. 2017;4(1-2):42-8.
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Filippou V, Tsoumpas C. Recent advances on the development of phantoms using 3D printing for imaging with CT, MRI, PET, SPECT, and ultrasound. Medical physics. 2018 ;45(9):e740-60.
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Jafar M, Jafar Y, Dean C, Miquel M. Assessment of Geometric Distortion in Six Clinical Scanners Using a 3D-Printed Grid Phantom. Journal of Imaging. 2017 Sep;3(3):28.
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Briechle K, Hanebeck UD. Template matching using fast normalized cross correlation. InOptical Pattern Recognition XII 2001 Mar 20 (Vol. 4387, pp. 95-103). International Society for Optics and Photonics.
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35
shurche S. Measurement of Radio Frequency Non-Homogeneity in MRI. Paramedical Sciences and Military Health. 2018 Mar 1;12(4):62-9..
36
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37
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in Postoperative High-Grade Glioma: A Dosimetric Comparison
Introduction: We aimed to dosimetrically compare three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in terms of planning target volume (PTV) coverage, organ at risk (OAR) sparing, and conformity index (CI). Material and Methods: Planning data of 26 high grade glioma (HGG) patients were used. Prescribed dose for 3D-CRT was 46Gy in 23 fractions to low-risk PTV (LR-PTV) and 14 Gy in 7 fractions to high-risk PTV (HR-PTV). VMAT plans were conducted using 46 Gy in 30 fractions to LR-PTV and 60 Gy in 30 fractions to HR-PTV. Results: Tumor locations were frontal, parietal, temporal, and multi-lobed in 27%, 15%, 23%, and 35% of cases, respectively. Histology was glioblastoma multiform in 89% of patients. Mean values of PTV D95 (dose received by 95% volume) in 3D-CRT and VMAT were 96.6% and 98.8% for the LR-PTV and 97.3% and 99% for HR-PTV (p <0.001), respectively. Mean values of CI in 3D-CRT were 0.96 and 0.97 for LR-PTV and HR-PTV and 0.98 and 0.99 for LR-PTV and HR-PTV of VMAT (both p <0.001), respectively. Mean Dmax of right optic nerve (maximum point dose received by the organ) for 3D-CRT and VMAT were 31.59 and 25.57Gy (P=0.02). Mean Dmax for left optic nerve and optic chiasm were 28.81 and 22.14 Gy (P=0.019) and 42.24 and 37.12 Gy (P=0.055) respectively for 3D-CRT versus VMAT. Doses to other OARs were not statistically different between 3D-CRT and VMAT. Conclusion: VMAT achieved better coverage of the PTV and delivered fewer doses to bilateral optic nerve and chiasm.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12447_450c53c0c4e576da94f36d9e90535f03.pdf
2019-09-01
385
391
10.22038/ijmp.2019.35300.1452
Glioma
Computer-Assisted Radiotherapy Planning
volumetric modulated arc therapy
Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy
Harikesh
Singh
harikeshsingh2005@gmail.com
1
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Ajeet
Gandhi
ajeetgandhi23@gmail.com
2
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Shantanu
Sapru
shantanusapru@gmail.com
3
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Rohini
Khurana
drrohinisethi@gmail.com
4
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Rahat
Hadi
drrahathadi@yahoo.co.in
5
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Sambit
Nanda
sambit.sambitswarup@gmail.com
6
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Satyajeet
Rath
satyajeetrath@gmail.com
7
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Avinav
Bharati
avinavb4@gmail.com
8
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Anoop
Srivastava
anoopsrivastava78@gmail.com
9
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti Khand Gomti Nagar, Lucknow -226010 India
AUTHOR
Surendera
Mishra
mishrasp05@gmail.com
10
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti Khand Gomti Nagar, Lucknow -226010
AUTHOR
Kamal
Sahni
drkamal.sahni@gmail.com
11
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Nuzhat
Husain
drnuzhathusain@hotmail.com
12
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
AUTHOR
Madhup
Rastogi
drmadhup1@gmail.com
13
Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia, Institute of Medical Sciences, Vibhuti khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ostrom QT, Gittleman H, Fulop J, Liu M, Blanda R, Kromer C, et al. CBTRUS Statistical Report: Primary Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors Diagnosed in the United States in 2008-2012. Neuro Oncol. 2015;17:1-62.
1
Siker ML, Donahue BR, Vogelbaum MA. Primary Intracranial Neoplasms. In: Halperin EC, Parez CA, Brady LW, editors. Perez and Brady’s Principles and Practice of Radiation Oncology. 5th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2008;718-50
2
Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP, van den Bent MJ, Taphoorn MJ, Janzer RC, et al. Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomised phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol. 2009;10(5):459–66.
3
Stupp R, Mason W, van den Bent MJ, Weller M, Fisher BM, Taphoorn MJB, et al. Radiotherapy plus Concomitantnand Adjuvant Temozolomide for Glioblastoma. N Engl J Med. 2005; 352(10):987-96.
4
Tran B, Rosenthal MA. Survival comparison between glioblastoma multiforme and other incurable cancers. J Clin Neurosci. 2010 ;17(4):417-21.
5
Nuño M, Birch K, Mukherjee D, Sarmiento JM, Black KL, Patil CG. Survival and prognostic factors of anaplastic gliomas. Neurosurgery. 2013;73(3):458–65.
6
Cairncross G, Wang M, Shaw E, Jenkins R, Brachman D, Buckner J, et al. Phase III trial of chemoradiotherapy for anaplastic oligodendroglioma: Long-term results of RTOG 9402. J Clin Oncol. 2013;31(3):337–43.
7
Hermanto U, Frija EK, Lii MJ, Chang EL, Mahajan A, Woo SY. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and conventional three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy for high-grade gliomas: Does IMRT increase the integral dose to normal brain?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007;67(4):1135–44.
8
Chan MF, Schupak K, Burman C, Chui C-S, Ling CC. Comparison of intensity-modulated radiotherapy with three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy planning for glioblastoma multiforme. Med Dosim. 2003;28(4):261–5.
9
Narayana A, Yamada J, Berry S, Shah P, Hunt M, Gutin PH, et al. Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in high-grade gliomas: Clinical and dosimetric results. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(3):892–7.
10
Vanetti E, Clivio A, Nicolini G, Fogliata A, Ghosh-Laskar S, Agarwal JP, et al. Volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy for carcinomas of the oro-pharynx, hypo-pharynx and larynx: A treatment planning comparison with fixed field IMRT. Radiother Oncol. 2009;92(1):111–7.
11
Zheng BM, Dong XX, Wu H, Duan YJ, Han SK, Sun Y. Dosimetry comparison between volumetric modulated arc therapy with rapidarc and fixed field dynamic IMRT for local-regionally advanced Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Chinese J Cancer Res. 2011;23(4):259–64.
12
Doornaert P, Verbakel WF a R, Bieker M, Slotman BJ, Senan S. RapidArc planning and delivery in patients with locally advanced head-and-neck cancer undergoing chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2011;79(2):429–35.
13
Stroom JC, Heijmen BJM. Geometrical uncertainties, radiotherapy planning margins, and the ICRU-62 report. Radiother Oncol. 2002;64(1):75–83.
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International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements. ICRU Report 62. Prescribing, Recording, and Reporting Photon Beam Therapy (Supplement to ICRU Report 50). J ICRU. 1999.
15
Stupp R, Hegi ME, Gorlia T, Erridge SC, Perry J, Hong YK, et al. Cilengitide combined with standard treatment for patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma with methylated MGMT promoter (CENTRIC EORTC 26071-22072 study): a multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2014;15(10):1100–8.
16
Paravati AJ, Heron DE, Landsittel D, Flickinger JC, Mintz A, Chen YF, et al. Radiotherapy and temozolomide for newly diagnosed glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma: Validation of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group-Recursive Partitioning Analysis in the IMRT and temozolomide era. J Neurooncol. 2011;104(1):339–49.
17
Shepard DM, Earl MA, Li XA, Naqvi S, Yu C. Direct aperture optimization: A turnkey solution for step-and-shoot IMRT. Med Phys. 2002;29(6):1007–18.
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Mayo C, Yorke E, Merchant TE. Radiation Associated Brainstem Injury. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 76(3): 36–41.
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Emami B, Lyman J, Brown A, Cola L, Goitein M, Munzenrider JE, et al. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1991;21(1):109–22.
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Scoccianti S, Detti B, Gadda D, Greto D, Furfaro I, Meacci F, et al. Organs at risk in the brain and their dose-constraints in adults and in children: a radiation oncologist's guide for delineation in everyday practice. Radiother Oncol. 2015 Feb;114(2):230-8.
21
MacDonald SM, Ahmad S, Kachris S, Vogds BJ, DeRouen M, Gittleman AE, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy versus three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy for the treatment of high grade glioma: a dosimetric comparison. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2007;8(2):47–60.
22
Feuvret L, Noël G, Mazeron JJ, Bey P. Conformity index: A review. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2006 ;64(2):333-42.
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Vieillot S, Azria D, Lemanski C, Moscardo CL, Gourgou S, Dubois JB, et al. Plan comparison of volumetric-modulated arc therapy (RapidArc) and conventional intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in anal canal cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2010;5:92.
24
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