ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of Radionuclide Concentration in Human Teeth in Najaf Governorate, Iraq
Introduction: 238U decays with alpha particles emission into 234Th and the series ends with 206Pb. The unstable nucleus loses the energy with emitting ionizing alpha particles for reaching a stable state. It is undergoing alpha decay with decay energy (4.679 MeV). Alpha particles enter the human and animal bodies through inhalation of air or ingestion of contaminated food and water. This study aimed to perform a radiological analysis on the natural alpha particle emission rates of the human teeth as the biomarkers of radiation exposure and environmental pollution. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 68 teeth samples of 27 males and 41 females collected from the hospitals distributed across Najaf governorate, including many districts in Iraq. Alpha particle emission rates were measured using CR-39 nuclear track detector. Results: The mean emission rate of alpha particles in the female teeth was 0.0396±0.0070 mBq cm-2, which was relatively higher than that in the male teeth (0.0390±0.0048 mBq cm-2). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference between the female and male teeth regarding the emission rate of alpha particles. Furthermore, the emission rate of alpha particles in the teeth of the samples taken from Kufa (0.0417±0.0057 mBq cm-2) was higher than those obtained from Najaf (0.0384±0.0053 mBq cm-2). Conclusion: As the findings of this study revealed, Najaf governorate had a lower emission rate of alpha particles as compared to other sites of the worldwide. Therefore, it could be concluded that there is no negative consequence threatening the people’s health in this regard.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_8933_34528480d08a5275d248800c1dff66db.pdf
2017-12-01
173
182
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22715.1219
Biomarkers
Radioisotopes
Teeth
Basim
Almayahi
basimnajaf@yahoo.com
1
Department of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, 54003 kufa, Najaf Governorate, Iraq
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
1
Arnold B, Woolley S, Johnson P. Edexcel International GCSE Physics: Student Book. Pearson Education; 2009.
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Christensen DM, Jenkins MS, Sugarman SL, Glassman ES. Management of ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses, part 1: Physics, radiation protection, and radiation instrumentation. The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association. 2014 Mar 1; 114(3): 189-99. DOI: 10.7556/jaoa.2014.037.
3
Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS. Radiobiological long-term accumulation of environmental alpha radioactivity in extracted human teeth and animal bones in Malaysia. Journal of environmental radioactivity. 2014 Mar 31; 129: 140-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.01.001.
4
Owen R. The Litvinenko Inquiry: Report into the Death of Alexander Litvinenko, 2016.
5
Almayahi BA. Biomarkers of Natural Radionuclides in the Bone and Teeth. In: Patel VB, Preedy VR, editors. Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Springer Netherlands; 2017. p. 105-25. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_25.
6
Dewit T, Clulow V, Jackson JS, Mitchel RE. Uranium and uranium decay series radionuclide dynamics in bone of rats following chronic uranium ore dust inhalation. Health physics. 2001 Nov 1; 81(5): 502-13.
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Gesell TF, Hopewell JW, Lantz MW, Osborne JW, Scott BR, Seltzer SM, et al. Biological Effects and Exposure Limits for 'Hot Particles,'. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Bethesda MD NCRP Report 130. 1999.
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Henshaw DL, Allen JE, Keitch PA, Randle PH. Spatial distribution of naturally occurring 210Po and 226Ra in children's teeth. International journal of radiation biology. 1994 Dec; 66(6): 815-26.
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Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS. 210Pb, 235U, 137Cs, 40K and 222Rn concentrations in soil samples after 2010 Thai and Malaysian floods. advances in biomedical engineering. 2012; 6:593-8.
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Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS. Measurements of alpha emission rates in bones using CR-39 track detector. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Ecological, Environmental and Biological Sciences (EEBS' 2012) October 2012 (pp. 13-14).
12
Almayahi BA, Tajuddin AA, Jaafar MS. Measurements of naturally occurring 210Pb concentration in animals bones of Northern Malaysian Peninsula. In Proceedings of International Conference on Agriculture, Chemical and Environmental Sciences (ICACES' 2012). October 2012: (pp. 6-7).
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Cavallaro S. Note: Fast neutron efficiency in CR-39 nuclear track detectors. Review of Scientific Instruments. 2015 Mar; 86(3): 036103. DOI: 10.1063/1.4915502.
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Freyer K, Dietze K, Weisse S, Kummer G. Autoradiographic measurement of low concentrations of alpha-active nuclides using CR-39 track detectors. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. 1991 Jan 1;19(1-4):751-4. DOI: 10.1016/0969-8078(93)90195-A.
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Triola MF. Essentials of statistics. Boston, MA, USA: Pearson Addison Wesley; 2008.
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Leggett RW. Dosimetric Significance of the ICRP's Updated Guidance and Models, 1989-2003, and Implications for US Federal Guidance. ORNL; 2003 Sep 10.
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Henshaw DL, Hatzialekou U, Randle PH. Analysis of alpha particle autoradiographs of bone samples from adults and children in the UK at natural levels of exposure. Radiation protection dosimetry. 1988 Apr 1; 22(4): 231-42. DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a080112.
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Henshaw DL. Application of solid state nuclear track detectors to measurements of natural alpha-radioactivity in human body tissues. International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements. 1989 Jan 1;16(4): 253-70. DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(89)90025-3.
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James PR, Close JJ, Keitch PA, Allen JE, Fews AP, Henshaw DL. Morphological features of the microdistribution of naturally occurring 210Pb/210Po and 226Ra in the teeth of children and juveniles. International journal of radiation biology. 2004 Mar 1;80(3):185-98. DOI: 10.1080/09553000410001665681.
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O'Donnell RG, Mitchell PI, Priest ND, Strange L, Fox A, Henshaw DL. Long SC. Variations in the concentration of plutonium, strontium-90 and total alpha-emitters in human teeth collected within the British Isles. Science of the Total Environment. 1997 Aug 18; 201(3): 235-43. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(97)84060-0.
21
Bunzl K, Kracke W. Fallout 239/240Pu and 238Pu in human tissues from the Federal Republic of Germany. Health physics. 1983 Jan 1; 44: 441-9.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Film Reject Analysis and Radiation Doses Received by Patients in Selected Hospitals in Southwestern Nigeria
Introduction: A reject rate is the percentage of diagnostic images repeated due to errors during radiological examinations. The present study aimed to evaluate the patient radiation doses and analyze the film reject rate as part of quality assurance program in three diagnostic centers in Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in three hospitals, namely Federal Medical Center (FMC), General Hospital (GH), and Sacred Heart Hospital (SHH), located in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Southwestern Nigeria. For the purpose of the study, the accepted and rejected radiographs during different X-ray examinations were recorded. A total of 376 rejected and accepted radiographs were evaluated in the three hospitals, and the economic losses due to rejected films were determined. The quality control (QC) tests, which involve kilo voltage (kV), milliampere seconds (mAs), etc, were carried out on the facilities of two out of three hospitals using Victoreen 6000m QC kits. The results of the QC tests and exposure parameters were used to estimate the patient doses for different examinations carried out during the study. Results: Based on the results of the study, the SHH had the highest estimated annual loss of $225, followed by the FMC and GH with annual monetary losses of $208 and $166, respectively. In addition, the anteroposterior projection of the lumbosacral spine had the highest mean dose (15±1.64 mGy) in this study, which was observed in the SHH. Additionally, at FMC, all the estimated doses were low. Conclusion: Regarding the monetary loss and increase in patient dose burden involved in repeated examinations, it is essential to train personnel on the factors leading to repeated exposures.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_8881_a682b5ba20c17921b41a71d1124a6bca.pdf
2017-12-01
183
189
10.22038/ijmp.2017.19521.1179
diagnostic imaging
Image Quality
Quality Control
Radiation Dose
WASIU
ERINOSO
simisolaw@yahoo.com
1
UNIVERSITY OF IBADAN
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rachel
Obed
rachelobed@yahoo.com
2
University of Ibadan
AUTHOR
Christopher
Olowookere
olowokerec@yahoo.com
3
Ajayi Crowther University
AUTHOR
References
1
Carmichael JH. European guidelines on quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities; 1996.
2
Schandorf, C, Tetteh G.K. Analysis of the status of x-ray diagnosis in Ghana. British Journal of Radiology. 1998;71(850):1040–8. DOI: 10.1259/bjr.71.850.10211064.
3
Shalemaei RR. Films reject analysis for conventional radiography in Iranian main hospitals. RadiatProtDosimetry. 2011; 147 (1 - 2): 220 – 2. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncr306.
4
World Health Organization (WHO). Quality assurances in diagnostic radiology. A guide prepared following workshop held in Neuherberg; 1982.
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British Institute of Radiology (BIR). Assurance of quality in diagnostic x-ray department. London, British Institute of Radiology;1988.
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West M. The principle of quality control applied to both equipment and technique in postgraduate medical sciences, radiation protection of patient. In; Wooten, R. editor. Cambridge University Press. 1993:49-57.
7
Oluwafisoye PA, Olowookere CJ, Oluwagbemi MA, Adeola OF. Monitoring and quality control tests of Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) diagnostic facilities: parts of quality assurance programme of radiology in Nigeria. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology (JATIT). 2009; 5(3): 286-94.
8
Ogundare FO, Uche CZ, Balogun F A. Radiological parameters and radiation doses of patients undergoing abdomen, pelvis and lumbar spine X-ray examinations in three Nigerian hospitals. British Journal of Radiology. 2004; 77: 934-40. DOI: 10.1259/bjr/55841517.
9
Mallam SP, Akpan MD, Oladipupo MD. A reappraisal of existing expression for estimating radiation output from diagnostic x-ray machine. Nigerian Journal of Physics. 2004; 16 (2): 30-4. DOI: 10.4314/njphy.v16i2.38009.
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Suliman II, Abbas HI and Habbani FI. Entrance surface doses to patient undergoing selected diagnostic X-ray examinations in Sudan. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2006; 123 (2): 209-14. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncl137.
11
Davies M, McCallum H, White G, Brown J. & Hlem M. Patient dose audit in diagnostic radiography using custom designed software. Radiography. 1997; 3: 17 – 25. DOI: 10.1016/S1078-8174(97)80021-1.
12
Conference of Radiation Control Programme Directors(CRCPD). Nationwide evaluation of X-ray trends: computed tomography (Conference of radiation control programme directors, department of health and human services); 2006.
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AEOI. Quality Control Procedure of Diagnostic Medical Imaging Devices. 2012(INRA-RP-RE-121-00/25-0-Esf.1387):103.
14
Olowookere CJ, Obed RI, Oluwafisoye, P.A., Vincent, U.I. Medical/Health Physicist: Missing component of Nigeria Radiological Crew. Journal of Advancement in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2008. Volume 2(4).
15
Boone JM, Seibert JA. An accurate method for computer-generated Tungsten anode X-ray spectra from 30 to 140 kV. Medical Physics.1997; 24: 1661-70. DOI: 10.1118/1.597953.
16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Radiobiological Model-Based Comparison of Three-Dimensional Conformal and Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Plans for Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Introduction: Radiobiological modeling of radiotherapy plans are used for treatment plan comparisons. The current study aimed to compare the three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) plans for nasopharyngeal cancer using radiobiological modeling. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on 10 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma, who were planned for 3DCRT and IMRT treatments by using the TiGRT treatment planning system. The planning target volume (PTV) doses of 70 and 72 Gy were administered for the 3DCRT and IMRT plans, respectively. The BIOLPLAN software and the Niemierko’s equivalent uniform dose (EUD) model were utilized for the estimation of tumor control probability (TCP) and normal tissue complication probability (NTCP). The NTCPs of the spinal cord, brain stem, parotid glands, middle ears, temporomandibular joints (TMJ), mandible, and thyroid were calculated by using two radiobiological models. Results: According to the results, the mean TCPs for 3DCRT and IMRT plans were 89.92%±8.92 and 94.9%±3.86, respectively, showing no statistically significant difference (P=0.08). The NTCPs of the parotid glands, thyroid gland, spinal cord, TMJ, and mandible were considerably lower in the IMRT plans, compared to those in the 3DCRT plans. On the other hand, the calculated NTCPs for the middle ears and brain stem increased for the IMRT plans, which were not statistically significant. On average, the NTCPs of the critical organs were lower based on the EUD model than the Lyman-Kutcher-Burman model. Conclusion: From the radiobiological point of view, the IMRT plans were significantly advantageous over the 3DCRT plans with some small variations in each patient. On average, the two radiobiological models generated different NTCPs depending on the studied organs. Consequently, more studies are needed for the optimization of radiobiological models for the prediction of the treatment outcomes in radiation therapy.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9072_6a78b3d277de37d5e8f0006583548492.pdf
2017-12-01
190
196
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22508.1213
Nasopharyngeal
Cancer
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Radiobiology
Asghar
Mesbahi
mesbahiiran@yahoo.com
1
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Naser
Rasuli
nasser4766@yahoo.com
2
Medical Physics department, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
AUTHOR
Behnam
Nasiri
behnam463@yahoo.com
3
Radiation Oncology Department, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz, Iran
AUTHOR
mohammad
mohammadzadeh
mmz4566@gmail.com
4
Radiation oncology department, Tabriz university of medical sciences
AUTHOR
References
1
Ferreira BC, do Carmo LM, Mateus J, Capela M, Mavroidis P: Radiobiological evaluation of forward and inverse IMRT using different fractionations for head and neck tumours. Radiat Oncol 2010;5:57. doi: 10.1186/1748-717X-5-57.:57-5.
2
Narayanasamy G, Pyakuryal AP, Pandit S, Vincent J, Lee C, Mavroidis P, Papanikolaou N, Kudrimoti M, Sio TT: Radiobiological evaluation of intensity modulated radiation therapy treatments of patients with head and neck cancer: A dual-institutional study. J Med Phys 2015;40:165-169.
3
Taheri-Kadkhoda Z, Pettersson N, Bjork-Eriksson T, Johansson KA: Superiority of intensity-modulated radiotherapy over three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy combined with brachytherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a planning study. Br J Radiol 2008;81:397-405.
4
Peters LJ, Withers HR: Applying radiobiological principles to combined modality treatment of head and neck cancer--the time factor. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;39:831-836.
5
Wu PM, Chua DT, Sham JS, Leung L, Kwong DL, Lo M, Yung A, Choy DT: Tumor control probability of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: a comparison of different mathematical models. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997;37:913-920.
6
Roberts SA, Hendry JH: A realistic closed-form radiobiological model of clinical tumor-control data incorporating intertumor heterogeneity. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998;41:689-699.
7
Zhong H, Chetty I: A note on modeling of tumor regression for estimation of radiobiological parameters. Med Phys 2014;41:081702.
8
Moiseenko V, Battista J, Van DJ: Normal tissue complication probabilities: dependence on choice of biological model and dose-volume histogram reduction scheme. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;46:983-993.
9
Oinam AS, Singh L, Shukla A, Ghoshal S, Kapoor R, Sharma SC: Dose volume histogram analysis and comparison of different radiobiological models using in-house developed software. J Med Phys 2011;36:220-229.
10
Surega A, Punitha J, Sajitha S, Ramesh B, Pichandi A, Sasikala P: A statistical quantification of radiobiological metrics in Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy evaluation. Gulf J Oncolog 2015;1:15-23.
11
Mesbahi A, Dadgar H: Dose calculations accuracy of TiGRT treatment planning system for small IMRT beamlets in heterogeneous lung phantom. 2015;13:345-354.
12
Mesbahi A, Zergoug I: Dose calculations for lung inhomogeneity in high-energy photon beams and small beamlets: A comparison between XiO and TiGRT treatment planning systems and MCNPX Monte Carlo code. 2015;12:167-177.
13
Marks LB, Ten Haken RK, Martel MK: Guest editor's introduction to QUANTEC: a users guide. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010;76:S1-S2.
14
Sanchez-Nieto B, Nahum AE: BIOPLAN: software for the biological evaluation of. Radiotherapy treatment plans. Med Dosim 2000;25:71-76.
15
Gay HA, Niemierko A: A free program for calculating EUD-based NTCP and TCP in external beam radiotherapy. Phys Med 2007;23:115-125.
16
Bakhshandeh M, Hashemi B, Mahdavi SR, Nikoofar A, Vasheghani M, Kazemnejad A: Normal tissue complication probability modeling of radiation-induced hypothyroidism after head-and-neck radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2013;85:514-521.
17
Kam MK, Chau RM, Suen J, Choi PH, Teo PM: Intensity-modulated radiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma: dosimetric advantage over conventional plans and feasibility of dose escalation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2003;56:145-157.
18
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Occupational Exposure to External Radiation among Workers at the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Pakistan (2009-2016)
Introduction: Assessment of occupational exposure to external radiation and the analysis of associated trends are imperative to observe changes that have taken place over time due to regulatory operations or technological advancements. Herein, we describe the occupational radiation exposure to workers employed in Nuclear Medicine (NM), Radiotherapy (RT), and Diagnostic Radiology (DR) departments at the Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine, Peshawar, Pakistan, and to evaluate the related trends during 2009-2016. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of the dose records of 4320 film dosimeters was performed during 2009-2016. The analyzed quantities included annual collective effective dose, annual average effective dose, distribution of workers, and their annual average effective doses in various effective dose intervals, as well as the maximum and minimum annual individual effective doses. Results: The annual average effective doses in RT, NM, and DR were within the ranges of 1.07-1.45, 1.25-1.55, and 1.03-1.60 mSv, respectively. The majority (90%) of the workers received effective doses in the interval of 1-4.99 mSv, while 10% of the workers received doses within the range of the minimum detectable level-0.99 mSv. The minimum and maximum annual individual effective doses were 0.30 mSv and 3.96 mSv as recorded in RT and NM, respectively. The annual average effective doses measured for NM, RT, and DR were 1.39, 1.23, and 1.30 mSv, respectively. These values are comparable with the worldwide annual average effective doses. Conclusion: All the workers received doses below the annual dose limit. The status and trends of doses showed that radiation protection conditions were adequate.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9149_0431b18bd1afdfbb1a799293db15874e.pdf
2017-12-01
197
202
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22606.1216
Dose Limit
Effective Dose
occupational exposure
Radiation Protection
Ionizing radiation
Misbah
Ahmad
misbahirnum@gmail.com
1
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine IRNUM, Peshawar Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Habib
Ahmad
ma_bagh@hotmail.com
2
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Muhammad
Khattak
ma_bagh2003@yahoo.com
3
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Kamran
Shah
kamran78phy@gmail.com
4
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Wajeeha
Shaheen
manuelwajeeha@gmail.com
5
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Jawad
Shah
sjawadalishah@gmail.com
6
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Shaheen
Iqbal
drshaheen443@yahoo.com
7
Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine (IRNUM), Peshawar, Pakistan
AUTHOR
References
1
Bhatt C, Ween B. Occupational radiation exposure monitoring among radiation workers in Nepal. In Proceedings of the 12th Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association in Buenos Aires.2008; pp. 19-24.
2
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report to the general assembly of the United Nations with scientific annexes, New York: United Nations sales publication. 2000; E.00.IX.3.
3
Motevalli SM, Borhanazad AM. Assessment of occupational exposure in medical practice in Tehran, Iran. Rom Rep Phys. 2015 Jan 1; 67(2): 431-8.
4
International Atomic Energy Agency. safety standards series: Occupational radiation protection. Safety guide No RS-G-1.1. Vienna, IAEA;1999.
5
International Atomic Energy Agency. Assessment of occupational exposures due to external sources of radiation. Safety Guides Series No. RS-G-1.3. Vienna: IAEA; 1999.
6
International Atomic Energy Agency. International Basic Safety Standards for protection against ionizing radiation and for the safety of radiation sources (Safety Series No. 115). Vienna: IAEA; 1996.
7
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). 1990 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP Publication 60. Ann. ICRP 21 (1-3). Oxford: Pergamon Press; 1990.
8
International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP). The 2007 Recommendations of International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP.Publication 103. Ann. ICRP 37 (2- 4). Oxford: Elsevier; 2007.
9
International Atomic Energy Agency. Radiation protection and safety of radiation sources: International basic safety standards. General safety requirements part-3. Vienna:IAEA; 2014.
10
Muhogora WE, Byorushengo E, Lema US, Mboya G, Ngatunga JB, Sawe S, et al. Occupational radiation exposure in Tanzania (1996–2010): status and trends. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2012 Jul 13:ncs125. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs125.
11
Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Authority Ordinance F.No.2(2)/2001-Pub. Ordinance No. III of 2001, The Gazette of Pakistan, Jan. 2001.
12
Authority PN. PNRA Regulations on radiation protection (PAK/904). Islamabad Pakistan Nuclear Regulatory Athority. 2004.
13
Rahman MS, Begum A, Hoque A, Khan RK, Siraz MM. Assessment of whole-body occupational radiation exposures in nuclear medicine practices of Bangladesh during 2010-2014. Iran J Nucl Med. 2016 Jan 1;24(1):51-8.
14
Jabeen A, Munir M, Khalil A, Masood M, Akhter P. Occupational exposure from external radiation used in medical practices in Pakistan by film badge dosimetry. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2010 Aug 1;140(4):396-401. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq134.
15
Al-Haj AN, Lagarde CS. Statistical analysis of historical occupational dose records at a large medical center. Health phys. 2002 Dec 1;83(6):854-60.
16
Samerdokiene V, Atkocius V, Ofomala R. Radiation exposure received by the medical radiation workers in Lithuania at The Institute of Oncology, Vilnius University, 2004–2011. Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013 Nov 1;157(1):152-7. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct111.
17
Masood K, Zafar J, Zafar T, Zafar H. Assessment of the occupational radiation exposure doses to workers at INMOL Pakistan (2007–11). Radiat Prot Dosim. 2013 Jun 1;155(1):110-4. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs306.
18
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR). Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. Report to the general assembly of the United Nations with scientific annexes, New York: United Nations sales publication. 2008; E.10.XI.3.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Consideration of Individual Brain Geometry and Anisotropy on the Effect of tDCS
Introduction: The response variability between subjects, which is one of the fundamental challenges facing transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), can be investigated by understanding how the current is distributed through the brain. This understanding can be obtained by means of computational methods utilizing finite element (FE) models. Materials and Methods: In this study, the effect of realistic geometry and white matter anisotropy on the head electrical current density intensity (CDI) distribution was measured using a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived FE model at the whole brain, below electrodes, and cellular levels. Results: The results revealed that on average, the real geometry changes the CDI in gray matter and the WM by 29% and 55%, respectively. In addition, WM anisotropy led to an 8% and 36% change of CDI across GM and WM, respectively. The results indicated that for this electrode configuration, the maximum CDI occurs not below the electrode, but somewhere between the electrodes, and its locus varies greatly between individuals. In addition, by investigating the effect of current density components on cellular excitability, significant individual differences in the level of excitability were detected. Conclusion: Accordingly, consideration of the real geometry in computational modeling is vital. In addition, WM anisotropy does not significantly influence the CDI on the gray matter surface, however, it alters the CDI inside the brain; therefore, it can be taken into account, especially, when stimulation of brain’s internal regions is proposed. Finally, to predict the outcome result of tDCS, the examination of its effect at the cellular level is of great importance.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_8763_c65de058c7da074f18752243fd6a08f3.pdf
2017-12-01
203
218
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22243.1209
Brain
Finite Element
Individual Difference
tDCS
Mohsen
Mosayebi Samani
mosayebi3@gmail.com
1
Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Leibniz Research Center, Dortmund, Germany
AUTHOR
Seyed Mohamad
Firoozabadi
pourmir@modares.ac.ir
2
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hamed
Ekhtiari
h_ekhtiari@razi.tums.ac.ir
3
Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Batsikadze G, Moliadze V, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Partially non‐linear stimulation intensity‐dependent effects of direct current stimulation on motor cortex excitability in humans. The Journal of physiology. 2013 Apr 1;591(7):1987-2000. DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2012.249730.
1
Monte-Silva K, Kuo MF, Hessenthaler S, Fresnoza S, Liebetanz D, Paulus W, et al. Induction of late LTP-like plasticity in the human motor cortex by repeated non-invasive brain stimulation. Brain stimulation. 2013 May 31;6(3):424-32. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.04.011.
2
Nitsche MA, Doemkes S, Karakoese T, Antal A, Liebetanz D, Lang N, et al. Shaping the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the human motor cortex. Journal of neurophysiology. 2007 Apr 1;97(4):3109-17. DOI: 10.1152/jn.01312.2006.
3
Kuo HI, Bikson M, Datta A, Minhas P, Paulus W, Kuo MF, et al. Comparing cortical plasticity induced by conventional and high-definition 4× 1 ring tDCS: a neurophysiological study. Brain stimulation. 2013 Jul 31;6(4):644-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.09.010.
4
Ho KA, Taylor JL, Chew T, Gálvez V, Alonzo A, Bai S, et al. The effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) electrode size and current intensity on motor cortical excitability: evidence from single and repeated sessions. Brain stimulation. 2016 Feb 29;9(1):1-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.08.003.
5
Ferrucci R, Mameli F, Guidi I, Mrakic-Sposta S, Vergari M, Marceglia SE, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation improves recognition memory in Alzheimer disease. Neurology. 2008 Aug 12;71(7):493-8. DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000317060.43722.a3.
6
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Determination of Optimum Planar Imaging Parameters for Small Structures with Diameters Less Than the Resolution of the Gamma Camera
Introduction: The limited spatial resolution of the gamma camera hinders the absolute quantification of planar images of small structures. The imaged structures are affected by partial volume effects (PVEs), which can spread activity and lead to underestimation of the regional distribution. The use of optimum planar parameters reduces the impact of the limited spatial resolution of the gamma camera and the statistical noise inherent to low photon count, thus improving quantification. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimum planar imaging parameters for small structures. Materials and Methods: A thyroid protocol was used to acquire planar images of the spheres A, B, and C (16 mm, 12 mm, and 11 mm in diameter, respectively) whilst filled with a targeted activity concentration of technetium-99m. One sphere was mounted at the centre of the Jaszczak Phantom and the other two adjacent to its walls using capillary stems fitted on the spheres. The phantom was filled with distilled water. The targeted activity concentrations used were 74 kBq/mL, 100 kBq/mL, 150 kBq/mL, and 300 kBq/mL. Images of the same count per pixel were acquired on 64 64, 128 128, 256 256, 512 512, and 1024 1024 pixels using a vertical detector mounted 5 cm above the phantom. All the images were quantified using ImageJ software, version 1.48a, Java 1.70_51 [64-bit]. Results: The optimum planar imaging parameters established were a matrix size of 128 128 pixels and technetium-99m solution of activity concentration of 300 kBq/ml. Conclusion: The use of optimal imaging parameters reduces the impact of PVEs, leading to improved quantitative accuracy.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9267_2020713899b0a0e8b080c581dfdbd514.pdf
2017-12-01
219
228
10.22038/ijmp.2017.24559.1246
Medical Imaging
Radioisotope Imaging
Partial Volume Effects
Mpumelelo
Nyathi
mpumelelo.nyathi@smu.ac.za
1
Department of Medical Physics Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University SouthAfrica
LEAD_AUTHOR
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Sedaghat F, Gerasimou G, BasdanI, Christodoulou I, Gamvros O, Grammaticos P, Katsohis K. The Importance of CEA Scan Radioimmuno scintigraphy in the Diagnosis of Recurrent Colorectal Cancer. Hell J Nucl Med. 2000; 3:168-70.
46
Lyra M, Ploussi A. Filtering in SPECT Reconstruction. Int J Biomed Imaging. 2011:1-14.
47
The Optimisation of Radiological Protection - Broadening the Process. ICRP Publication 101b. Ann. ICRP. 36 (3), 2006.
48
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Human Body Organs using MCNPX Monte Carlo Code
Introduction: Investigation of radiation interaction with living organs has always been a thrust area in medical and radiation physics. The investigated results are being used in medical physics for developing improved and sensitive techniques and minimizing radiation exposure. In this study, mass attenuation coefficients of different human organs and biological materials such as adipose, blood, bone, brain, eye lens, lung, muscle, skin, and tissue have been calculated. Materials and Methods: In the present study, Monte Carlo N-Particle eXtended (MCNP-X) version 2.4.0 was used for determining mass attenuation coefficients, and the obtained results were compared with earlier investigations (using GEometry ANd Tracking [GEANT4] and FLUKA computer simulation packages) for blood, bone, lung, eye lens, adipose, tissue, muscle, brain, and skin materials at different energies. Results: The results of this study showed that the obtained results from MCNP-X were in high accordance with the National Institute of Standards and Technology data. Conclusion: Our findings would be beneficial for use of present simulation technique and mass attenuation coefficients for medical and radiation physics applications.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_8846_680172fb24272839282a60ff11a74078.pdf
2017-12-01
229
240
10.22038/ijmp.2017.23478.1230
Attenuation Coefficient
Monte Carlo
MCNP-X
Huseyin
Tekin
huseyinozan.tekin@uskudar.edu.tr
1
Uskudar University, Turkey
LEAD_AUTHOR
V.
singh
kudphyvps@rediffmail.com
2
Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
AUTHOR
Elif Ebru
Altunsoy
elifebru.altunsoy@uskudar.edu.tr
3
Uskudar University, Vocational School of Health Services, Medical Imaging Department, İstanbul 34672, Turkey
AUTHOR
Tugba
Manici
tmanici@gmail.com
4
Uskudar University, Medical Radiation Research Center (USMERA)
AUTHOR
Mohammed I.
Sayyed
mabualssayed@ut.edu.sa
5
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, KSA
AUTHOR
1. Hongyu Chen, Melissa M. Rogalski, Jeffrey N. Anker. Advances in functional X-ray imaging techniques and contrast agents. Phys Chem Chem Phys. 2012 October 21; 14(39): 13469–86. DOI: 10.1039/C2CP41858D.
1
V. P. Singh, N. M. Badiger. Photon interaction properties of some semiconductor detectors. Nuclear Reactor Technology. 2016; 27: 72 . DOI:10.1007/s41365-016-0076-8.
2
V. P. Singh, N. M. Badiger. Energy absorption buildup factors. effective atomic numbers and air-kerma for human body parts, vitamins and tissue substitutes. J. Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry.2015; 303 (3): 1983-90 .
3
S. Mirji, N. M.badiger, S. S. Kulkarni, M. K. Tiwari. Measurement of linear attenuation coefficients of normal and malignant breast tissues using synchrotron radiation. X-Ray Spectrometry. 2016 May 1;45(3):185-9.. DOI: 10.1002/xrs.2685.
4
Tomal A, Mazarro I, Kakuno EM, Poletti ME. Experimental determination of linear attenuation coefficient of normal, benign and malignant breast tissues. Radiat. Meas. 2010; 45: 1055–9 . DOI:10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.08.008.
5
M. L.Taylor. Quantification of differences in the effective atomic numbers of healthy and cancerous tissues: a discussion in the context of diagnostics and dosimetry. Med Phys. 2012 Sep;39(9):5437-45. DOI: 10.1118/1.4742849.
6
Singh VP, Badiger NM, Kucuk N. Assessment of methods for estimation of effective atomic numbers of common human organ and tissue substitutes: waxes, plastics and polymers. Radioprotection. 2014 Apr;49(2):115-21. DOI: 10.1051/radiopro/2013090.
7
Singh VP, Badiger NM. Study of effective atomic numbers and electron densities, kerma of alcohols, phantom and human organs, and tissues substitutes. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection. 2013;28(2):137-45.
8
Singh VP, Badiger NM. Effective atomic numbers of some tissue substitutes by different methods: a comparative study. Journal of Medical Physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2014 Jan;39(1):24. DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.125489.
9
Singh VP, Badiger NM, Vega-Carrillo RH. Studies on neutron and photon kerma parameters for human body organs. Nuclear Technology and Radiation Protection. 2016;31(2):128-34. DOI: 10.2298/NTRP1602128S.
10
Berger MJ, Hubbell JH. Photon Cross section on a Personal Computer (XCOM). Center for Radiation Research of Standards, MD. 1987;20899.
11
Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako KA, Apostolakis J, Araujo H, Arce P, Asai M, Axen D, Banerjee S, Barrand G, Behner F. GEANT4—a simulation toolkit. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2003 Jul 1;506(3):250-303.
12
Allison J, Amako K, Apostolakis J, Araujo HA, Dubois PA, Asai MA, Barrand GA, Capra RA, Chauvie SA, Chytracek RA, Cirrone GA. Geant4 developments and applications. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 2006 Feb;53(1):270-8. DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2006.869826.
13
RSICC Computer Code Collection. MCNP-X User’s manual Version 2.4.0. Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code System for Multiple and High Energy Applications. 2002.
14
Singh VP, Shirmardi SP, Medhat ME, Badiger NM. Determination of mass attenuation coefficient for some polymers using Monte Carlo simulation. Vacuum. 2015 Sep 30; 119: 284-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.vacuum.2015.06.006.
15
El-Khayatt AM, Ali AM, Singh VP, Badiger NM. Determination of mass attenuation coefficient of low-Z dosimetric materials. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 2014 Dec 2; 169(12): 1038-44. DOI: 10.1080/10420150.2014.988626.
16
Akar A, Baltaş H, Çevik U, Korkmaz F, Okumuşoğlu NT. Measurement of attenuation coefficients for bone, muscle, fat and water at 140, 364 and 662 keV c-ray energies. JQSRT . 2006 Nov 30;102(2):203-11.. DOI:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2006.02.007.
17
Tekin H.O. MCNP-X Monte Carlo Code Application for Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Concrete at Different Energies by Modeling 3 × 3 Inch NaI(Tl) Detector and Comparison with XCOM and Monte Carlo Data. Science and Technology of Nuclear Installations. 2016 Jul 31;2016. DOI: 10.1155/2016/6547318
18
Akkurt I, Tekin H.O., Mesbahi A. Calculation of Detection Efficiency fort he Gamma Detector using MCNP-X” Acta Physica Polonica A. 2015 Aug 1;128(2):332-4. DOI:10.12693/APhysPolA.128.B-332.
19
Tekin H.O, Kara U. Monte Carlo Simulation for Distance and Absorbed Dose Calculations in a PET-CT Facility by using MCNP-X. Journal of Communication and Computer. 2016; (13): 32-5. DOI:10.17265/1548-7709/2016.01.005
20
Tekin H.O, V. P. Singh, Kara U, Manici T, Altunsoy E.E. Investigation of Nanoparticle Effect on Radiation Shielding Property Using Monte Carlo Method. CBU Journal of Science. 2016;12(2). DOI: 10.18466/cbujos.15586
21
Tekin H.O, Singh V.P, Manici T. An Investigation on Shielding effect of Bismuth on Lung CT Scan using Monte Carlo Simulation. Journal of Polytechnic. 2016; 19 (4): 617-20. DOI:10.2339/2016/19.4.617-622
22
Tekin H.O., Singh V.P., Manici T. Effects of micro-sized and nano-sized WO3 on mass attenuation coefficients of concrete by using MCNP-X code. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2016. DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.12.040.
23
Tekin H.O, Manici, T. Simulations of mass attenuation coefficients for shielding materials using the MCNP-X code. Nuclear Science and Techniques. 2017;, 28: 95. DOI:10.1007/s41365-017-0253-4
24
Jabbari I, Monadi S. Development and validation of MCNP-X-based Monte Carlo treatment plan verification system. J. Med. Phys. 2015; (40) : 80-9. DOI: 10.4103/0971-6203.158678.
25
E. E. Ermis, F. B. Pilicer, E. Pilicer, C. Celiktas. A comprehensive study for mass attenuation coefficients of different parts of the human body through Monte Carlo methods. Nuclear Science and Techniques. 2016; 27:54. DOI: 10.1007/s41365-016-0053-2.
26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Monte Carlo Study of Several Concrete Shielding Materials Containing Galena and Borated Minerals
Introduction: The heavyweight concretes have been widely used for constructing medical or industrial radiation facilities with photon sources. Materials and Methods: In this study, heavy concretes containing galena (PbS) and several borated minerals are proposed as suitable materials against photons. The shielding properties of 21 galena concretes containing seven borated minerals with three mixing patterns were evaluated using MCNP4C Monte Carlo code. The attenuation of the gamma radiation is computed under the conditions of narrow and beam geometries. The x-ray sources with 40, 60, 90, and 120 kVp and gamma rays of 99mTc, 131I, 137Cs, and 511 keV annihilation photons were considered. The photon flux values and the x-ray spectrum after applying all the concretes were compared to the ordinary ones. Regarding the results, more photon attenuations obtained by using high density concretes simulation in comparison to ordinary concrete. Results: The results revealed that the concretes containing orthopinokiolite as the borated material made by the third mixing pattern, had the most photon attenuation. According to the results, the shielding properties of the concretes containing different borated minerals were alike against high photon energies, whereas in low energy photons the attenuation depended on the type of borated mineral used in the concretes. Conclusion: The high-density heavy-weighted concretes could be effectively used as multi-purpose shield for radiotherapy rooms and nuclear reactors due to the borated minerals.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_8723_95e1f4014a6340eecc38d31e0e17b521.pdf
2017-12-01
241
250
10.22038/ijmp.2017.17873.1157
Photon
Monte Carlo
Photon Attenuation
Mehdi
Saeedimoghadam
m_saeedimoghadam@yahoo.com
1
Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Banafshae
Zeinali
b.zeinali.r@gmail.com
2
Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Kazempour
mehdi602313@gmail.com
3
MSc, Department of Radiobiology, School of paramedical sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran; Student Research Committee, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran;
AUTHOR
Reza
Jalli
jalli@gmail.com
4
Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Sina
samirasina@yahoo.com
5
Radiation Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
1. Bashter, II. Neutron relaxation lengths in light and heavy concrete shields. 1993.
1
Bashter, II, Abdo AE-S, Abdel-Azim MS. Magnetite ores with steel or basalt for concrete radiation shielding. Japanese journal of applied physics. 1997;36(6R):3692. DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.36.3692.
2
Akkurt I, Akyildirim H, Mavi B, Kilincarslan S, Basyigit C. Gamma-ray shielding properties of concrete including barite at different energies. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 2010;52(7):620-3. DOI: 10.1016/j.pnucene.2010.04.006.
3
Akkurt I, Akyıldırım H, Mavi B, Kilincarslan S, Basyigit C. Radiation shielding of concrete containing zeolite. Radiation Measurements. 2010;45(7):827-30. DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.04.012.
4
Akkurt I, Akyıldırım H, Mavi B, Kilincarslan S, Basyigit C. Photon attenuation coefficients of concrete includes barite in different rate. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 2010;37(7):910-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2010.04.001
5
Akkurt I, Basyigit C, Kilincarslan S, Mavi B, Akkurt A. Radiation shielding of concretes containing different aggregates. Cement and Concrete Composites. 2006;28(2):153-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.09.006.
6
Akkurt I, Baysigit C, Kilincarslan S, Beycioglu A. Prediction of photon attenuation coefficients of heavy concrete by fuzzy logic. Journal of the Franklin Institute. 2010;347(9):1589-97. DOI: 10.1016/j.jfranklin.2010.06.002.
7
Demir F, Budak G, Sahin R, Karabulut A, Oltulu M, Un A. Determination of radiation attenuation coefficients of heavyweight-and normal-weight concretes containing colemanite and barite for 0.663 MeV γ-rays. Annals of Nuclear Energy. 2013; 38(6):1274-8. DOI: 10.1016/j.anucene.2011.02.009.
8
Maruyama T, Kumamoto Y, Kato Y, Hashizume T, Moriyuki Y. Attenuation of 4-32 MeV X-rays in Ordinary Concrete, Heavy Concrete, Iron and Lead. Health physics. 1971;20(3):277-84. DOI: 10.1097/00004032-197103000-00005.
9
Urabe I, Kobayashi K, Fujita Y, Tsujimoto T, Guangchuan J. Depth distribution of residual radioactivities in the concrete wall of an electron linac facility. Health physics. 1991;60(4):587-91.
10
Bashter, II. Radiation attenuation and nuclear properties of high density concrete made with steel aggregates. Radiation effects and defects in solids. 1997;140(3-4):351-64. DOI: 10.1080/10420159708216859.
11
Mortazavi SMJ, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Maheri MR, Yousefnia H, Zolghadri S, Haji-pour A. Production of an economic high-density concrete for shielding megavoltage radiotherapy rooms and nuclear reactors. Iran J Radiat Res. 2007;5(3):143-6.
12
Mortazavi SMJ, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Roshan-Shomal P, Raadpey N, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M. High-performance heavy concrete as a multi-purpose shield. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2010 Oct 29;142(2-4):120-4.. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncq265.
13
Mortazavi SMJ, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Siavashpour Z, Farshadi A, Ghafoori M, et al. Production of a datolite-based heavy concrete for shielding nuclear reactors and megavoltage radiotherapy rooms. Iran J Radiat Res. 2010; 8(1):11-5.
14
Aghamiri SMR, Mortazavi SMJ, Razi Z, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Baradaran-Ghahfarokhi M, Rahmani F, et al. Ulexite-galena intermediate-weight concrete as a novel design for overcoming space and weight limitations in the construction of efficient shields against neutrons and photons. Radiation protection dosimetry. 2013;154(3):375-80. DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncs249.
15
Abdo AE-S, Kansouh WA, Megahid RM. Investigation of radiation attenuation properties for baryte concrete. Japanese journal of applied physics. 2002;41(12R):7512. DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.41.7512.
16
Dem'yanova VS, Kalashnikov DV. Heavy Optical Glass in Concrete for Radiation Protection. Glass and ceramics. 2014;70(9-10):338-9. DOI: 10.1007/s10717-014-9576-3.
17
Akkurt I, Basyigit C, Kilincarslan S, Mavi B. The shielding of g-rays by concretes produced with barite. Progress in Nuclear Energy. 2005;46(1):1-11. DOI: 10.1143/JJAP.41.7512.
18
Bashter, II. Calculation of radiation attenuation coefficients for shielding concretes. Annals of nuclear Energy. 1997;24(17):1389-401. DOI: 10.1016/S0306-4549(97)00003-0.
19
Bashter, II. Radiation attenuation and nuclear properties of high density concrete made with steel aggregates. Radiation effects and defects in solids. 1997;140(3-4):351-64. DOI: 10.1080/10420159708216859.
20
Kazempour M, Saeedimoghadam M, Shekoohi Shooli F, Shokrpour N. Assessment of the Radiation Attenuation Properties of Several Lead Free Composites by Monte Carlo Simulation. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2015 Jun 1;5(2):67-76.
21
Zehtabian M, Piruzan E, Molaiemanesh Z, Sina S. Design of Light Multi-layered Shields for Use in Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine via MCNP5 Monte Carlo Code. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015; 12 (3), 223-9. DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2015.6223.
22
Briesmeister JF. MCNPTM-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code. Version 4C, LA-13709-M, Los Alamos National Laboratory. 2000.
23
McCaffrey JP, Tessier F, and Shen H. Radiation shielding materials and radiation scatter effects for interventional radiology (IR) physicians. Med. Phys. 2012; 39 (7), 4537-46. DOI: 10.1118/1.4730504.
24
Cranley K, Gilmore B J, Fogarty G W A, L D. Catalogue of diagnostic x-ray spectra and other data. IPEM Report No. 78; 1997.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Effect of Breast Reconstruction Prosthesis on Photon Dose Distribution in Breast Cancer Radiotherapy
Introduction: Siliconeprosthetic implants are commonlyutilizedfor tissue replacement and breast augmentation after mastectomy. On the other hand, some patients require adjuvant radiotherapy in order to preventlocal-regional recurrence and increment ofthe overall survival. In case of recurrence, the radiation oncologist might have to irradiate the prosthesis.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of silicone prosthesis on photon dose distribution in breast radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: The experimental dosimetry was performed using theprosthetic breast phantom and the female-equivalent mathematical chest phantom. A Computerized Tomographybased treatment planning was performedusing a phantom and by CorePlan Treatment Planning System (TPS). For measuring the absorbed dose, thermoluminescent dosimeter(TLD) chips (GR-207A) were used. Multiple irradiations were completed for all the TLD positions, and the dose absorbed by the TLDs was read by a lighttelemetry (LTM) reader. Results: Statistical comparisons were performed between the absorbed dosesassessed by the TLDs and the TPS calculations forthe same sites. Our initial resultsdemonstratedanacceptable agreement (P=0.064) between the treatment planning data and the measurements. The mean difference between the TPS and TLD resultswas 1.99%.The obtained findings showed that radiotherapy is compatible withsilicone gel prosthesis. Conclusion: It could be concludedthat the siliconbreast prosthesis has no clinicallysignificant effectondistribution of a 6 MV photon beam for reconstructed breasts.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9027_ef56435e6bf508785c4bf0ae56c9470b.pdf
2017-12-01
251
256
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22272.1210
Breast Implant
Phantom
Radiation Therapy
Silicon
fatemeh
sari
sari.fateme06@gmail.com
1
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Rabi
Mahdavi
srmahdavi@hotmail.com
2
Dept. of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences
LEAD_AUTHOR
Robab
Anbiaee
anbiaee@gmail.com
3
Associate Professor, Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Shirazi
shirazia@sina.tums.ac.ir
4
Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
1. Krishnan L, George F, Mansfield C and Krishnan E. Effect of silicon gel breast prosthesis on electron and photon dose distributions. Medical Physics. 1983;10:96-9.DOI: 10.1118/1.595279.
1
KuskePR, Schuster R, Klein EE, Young L, Perez C ,Fineberg B. Radiotherapy and breast reconstruction: clinical results and dosimetry. Int. J. Radiation Oncology Biol. Phys. 1991 Jul 1;21(2):339-46.DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684X.2012.05.02.
2
Klein EE, Kuske PR. Changes in photon dose distributions due to breast prostheses. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys.1993;25:541-9.DOI: 10.1016/0360-3016(93)90078-A.
3
Oshaghi M, Sadeghi M, Mahdavi SR, Shirazi AR. Dosimetry of MammoSite applicator: Comparison between Monte Carlo simulation, measurements, and treatment planning calculation. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics.2013;9:224.DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.113361.
4
Scutt D, Lancaster GA, Manning JT. Breast asymmetry and predisposition to breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res.2006;8:(2): R14.DOI: 10.1186/bcr1388.
5
International Commision on Radiological Protection. Report of the Task Group on Reference Man, ICRP publication 23. Oxford: Pergamon Press;1975.
6
Banaee N and Nedaie H.A. Evaluating the effect of energy on calibration of thermoluminescent dosimeters 7-LiF:Mg,Cu,P (GR-207A). International Journal of Radiation Research.2013;11:51-4.
7
Bahreyni Toossi MT, Rajab Bolookat E, Salek R, Layegh M. Dose measurements of parotid glands and spinal cord in conventional treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma using rando phantom and thermoluminescent dosimeters. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015;12(2):78-84.DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2015.4769.
8
Chu FC, Kaufmann TP, Dawson GA, Kim YS, Rajaratnam S, Hoffman LA. Radiation therapy of cancer in prosthetically augmented or reconstructed breasts. Radiology.1992;185:429-33.DOI: 10.1148/radiology.185.2.1410349.
9
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Field-In-Field Plan Versus Tangential Wedged Beam Plan in Chest Wall Radiotherapy of Post-Mastectomy Patients: Treatment Planning Study
Introduction: In this study, dose distribution of the chest wall in post-mastectomy breast cancer patients was evaluated and compared in the tangential wedged beam (TWB) and field-in-field (FIF) plans. Materials and Methods: Thirty-six patients with left-sided breast cancer were enrolled in this study. The FIF and TWB plans were generated for each patient to compare dosimetric parameters of the chest wall. The maximum dose (Dmax), homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and uniformity index (UI) were defined and used for comparison of the dosimetric parameters of the planning target volume (PTV) in both FIF and TWB plans. The percentage of volumes receiving at least 10, 20, 30, and 40 Gy of the left lung and 5, 10, 20, 25 and 30 Gy of the heart were used to compare the dosimetric results of the organs at risk. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, version 20. Results: The FIF plan had significantly lower HI (P=0.000) than the TWB plan, indicating that the FIF plan was better than the TWB plan in PTV. The V40lung (15.36±4.35 vs. 18.37±4.42) and V30heart (8.15±3.75 vs. 10.94±3.94; P=0.000) were significantly lower in the FIF plan than in the TWB plan. In addition, the monitor unit (MU) was significantly lower in the FIF plan than in the TWB plan (227.76 vs. 323.59; P=0.000). Conclusion: The FIF plan significantly reduced the dose volume of the left lung and heart in post-mastectomy radiotherapy compared to the TWB plan. Therefore, the FIF plan is recommended for this purpose.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_9164_1b68cb00c9d9b176e2d81ba1125980f8.pdf
2017-12-01
257
263
10.22038/ijmp.2017.22982.1223
Breast Cancer
High-Energy X-Ray
Field-In-Field Technique
Treatment Planning
TWB Plan
Mehran
Yarahmadi
yarahmadi.mp@gmail.com
1
Medical Physics Dept., Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
bahar
faramarzi
bahar.faramarzi89.bf@gmail.com
2
Department of Medical Physics, School of medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
AUTHOR
abbas
haghparast
a.haghparast@kums.ac.ir
3
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Kermanshah, Iran.
LEAD_AUTHOR
zeinab
saalehi
saalehi.zeinab@gmail.com
4
Tohid Hospital, Department of Radiotherapy, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
AUTHOR
1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin. 2016; 66(1): 7-30.
1
Alzoubi A, Kandaiya S, Shukri A, Elsherbieny E. Contralateral breast dose from chest wall and breast irradiation: local experience. Australas Phys Eng Sci Med. 2010 Jun; 33(2): 137-44. DOI: 10.1007/s13246-010-0011-y.
2
Habermann EB, Abbott A, Parsons HM, Virnig BA, Al-Refaie WB, Tuttle TM. Are mastectomy rates really increasing in the United States?. J Clin Oncol. 2010 Jul 20; 28(21):3437-41. DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.6774.
3
El Saghir NS, Khalil MK, Eid T, El Kinge AR, Charafeddine M, Geara F, et al. Trends in epidemiology and management of breast cancer in developing Arab countries: a literature and registry analysis. Int J Surg. 2007 Aug; 5(4):225-33. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2006.06.015.
4
Bartelink H, Horiot J-C, Poortmans P, Struikmans H, Van den Bogaert W, Barillot I, et al. Recurrence rates after treatment of breast cancer with standard radiotherapy with or without additional radiation. N Engl J Med. 2001 Nov 8; 345(19):1378-87. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa010874.
5
Fisher B, Anderson S, Bryant J, Margolese RG, Deutsch M, Fisher ER, et al. Twenty-year follow-up of a randomized trial comparing total mastectomy, lumpectomy, and lumpectomy plus irradiation for the treatment of invasive breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2002 Oct 17; 347(16):1233-41. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa022152.
6
Haviland JS, Owen JR, Dewar JA, Agrawal RK, Barrett J, Barrett-Lee PJ, et al. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) trials of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: 10-year follow-up results of two randomised controlled trials. Lancet Oncol. 2013 Oct; 14(11):1086-94. DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70386-3.
7
Miller A, Hoogstraten B, Staquet M, Winkler A. Reporting results of cancer treatment. Cancer. 1981 Jan 1; 47(1):207-14.
8
Jeraj M, Robar V. Multileaf collimator in radiotherapy. Radiol Oncol. 2004;38(3):235-40.
9
Darby SC, Ewertz M, McGale P, Bennet AM, Blom-Goldman U, Brønnum D, et al. Risk of ischemic heart disease in women after radiotherapy for breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 Mar 14; 368(11):987-98. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1209825.
10
Henson K, McGale P, Taylor C, Darby S. Radiation-related mortality from heart disease and lung cancer more than 20 years after radiotherapy for breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2013 Jan 15; 108(1):179-82. DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.575.
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McGale P, Darby SC, Hall P, Adolfsson J, Bengtsson N-O, Bennet AM, et al. Incidence of heart disease in 35,000 women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer in Denmark and Sweden. Radiother Oncol. 2011 Aug; 100(2):167-75. DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2011.06.016.
12
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