ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Absorbed Dose Assessment from Short-Lived Radionuclides of Radon (222Rn) Decay Chain in Lung Tissue: A Monte Carlo Study
Introduction: Internal exposure to radon gas progeny can lead to serious biologic damages to the lung tissue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the absorbed dose by lung tissue due to the exposure from short-lived radioactive products of radon (222Rn) decay using Monte Carlo simulation. Material and Methods: A lung equivalent phantom including 64 air sacs was simulated by MCNPX code. Then, the absorbed dose from short-lived radioactive products of radon decay chain including 218Po, 214Po, 214Pb and 214Bi was calculated for both suspended and deposited states of daughter nuclides inside the lung. Results: The results showed that alpha decay has more contribution to the lung absorbed dose in comparison with the beta and gamma decay. Furthermore, the received dose by the lung was higher when the radon progenies were deposited inside the lung so that the maximum received dose to lung was 100 times higher than that of calculated in suspended state. Conclusion: Short-lived daughter radionuclides of radon decay chain, especially alpha emitter products, can be considered as dangerous internal radiation sources. The biological effects of these daughter radionuclides is more severe when are suspended inside the respiratory system.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_12971_70012f816da4f4b9e0c689ab9f0e5404.pdf
2020-03-01
66
74
10.22038/ijmp.2019.38027.1486
Radon
Radon Progeny
Lung
Dosimetry
Monte Carlo Method
Zohreh
Danaei
zohrehdanaee69@yahoo.com
1
Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
AUTHOR
Hamid Reza
Baghani
hamidreza.baghani@gmail.com
2
Physics Department, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ali Asghar
Mowlavi
aa_mowlavi@yahoo.com
3
Physics Department,Hakim Sabzevari University, Sbazevar, Iran
AUTHOR
References
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Tsapalov A, Kovler K. Revisiting the concept for evaluation of radon protective properties of building insulation materials. Building Environ. 2016; 95: 182-8.
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Moreno V, Bach J, Font L, Baixeras C, Zarroca M, Linares R, et al. Soil radon dynamics in the Amer fault zone: An example of very high seasonal variation. J Environ Radioact. 2016; 151: 293-303.
5
Giri A, Pant D. Inhalation dose due to Rn-222, Rn-220 and their progeny in indoor environments. Appl Radiat Isot. 2018; 132: 116-21.
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Hatif KH, Muttaleb MK, Abbas AH. Measurement of radioactive radon gas concentration of water in the school for kifel. WSN. 2016; 54: 191-201.
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Xie D, Liao M, Kearfott KJ. Influence of environmental factors on indoor radon concentration levels in the basement and ground floor of a building- A case study. Radiat Meas. 2015; 82: 52-8.
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US Environmental Protection Agency. 2018. Available from: http://www.epa.gov.
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Dieguez-Elizondo PM, Gil-Lopez T, O'Donohoe PG, Castejon-Navas J, Galvez-Huerta MA. An analysis of the radioactive contamination due to radon in a granite processing plant and its decontamination ventilation J Environ Radioact. 2017; 167: 26-35.
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Papastefanou C. Escaping radioactivity from coal-fired power plants (CPPS) due to coal burning and the associated hazards: A review. J Environ Radioact. 2010; 101: 191-200.
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Nevinsky I, Tsvetkova T, Nevinskaya E. Measurement of radon in ground waters of the Western Caucasus for seismological application. J Environ Radioact. 2015; 149: 19-35.
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Abojassim AA. Natural radioactivity and radon concentrations in parenteral nutrition samples utilized in Iraqi hospitals. Iran J Med Phys. 2019; 16: 1-7.
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Hassanvand H, Hassanvand MS, Birjandi M, Kamarehie B, Jafari A. Indoor radon measurement in dwellings of Khorramabad city, Iran. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 19-27.
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Bu-Olayan AH, Thomas BV. Evaluation of radon pollution in underground parking lots by discomfort index. Iran J Med Phys. 2016; 13: 65-76.
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Allahverdi Pourfallah T, Mousavi SM, Shahidi M. Assessment of effective dose equivalent from internal exposure to 222Rn in Ramsar city. Iran J Med Phys. 2015; 12: 36-42.
16
Anjos RM, Umisedo N, Da Silva AA, Estellita L, Rizzotto M, Yoshimura EM, et al. Occupational exposure to radon and natural gamma radiation in the La Carolina, a former gold mine in San Luis Province, Argentina. J Environ Radioact. 2010; 101: 153–8.
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Rafique M, Rahman S, Rahman SU. Indoor radon concentration measurement in the dwellings of district Poonch (Azad Kashmir), Pakistan. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2010; 138: 158-65.
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Mostafa AMA, Yamazawa H, Uosif AMA, Moriizumi J. Seasonal behavior of radon decay products in indoor air and resulting radiation dose to human respiratory tract. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2015; 8: 142-7.
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Ramsiya M, Joseph A, Jojo PJ. Estimation of indoor radon and thoron in dwellings of Palakkad, Kerala, India using solid state nuclear track detectors. J Radiat Res Appl Sci. 2017; 10: 269-72.
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Pelowitz DB. MCNPX-A general Monte Carlo N-particle transport code, Version 2.6.0, LA-CP-07-1473. 2008.
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Ochs M, Nyengaard JR, Jung A, Knudsen L, Voigt M, Wahlers T. The number of Alveoli in the human lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004; 169: 120-4.
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Stone KC, Mercer RR, Freeman BA, Chang LY, Crapo JD. Distribution of lung numbers and volume between alveolar and nonalveolar tissue. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1992; 146: 454-6.
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Mostafa MY, Vasyanovich M, Zhukovsky M. A primary standard source of radon-222 based on the HPGe detector. Appl Radiat Isot. 2017; 120: 101-5.
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Kim H, Jung Y, Ji YY, Lim JM, Chung KH, Kang MJ. Validation of procedure for the analysis of 226Ra in naturally occurring radioactive materials using a liquid scintillation counter. J Environ Radioact. 2017; 166: 188-94.
25
Ishizuka M, Mikami M, Tanaka TY, Igarashi Y, Kita K, Yamada Y, et al. Use of a size-resolved 1-D resuspension scheme to evaluate resuspended radioactive material associated with mineral dust particles from the ground surface. J Environ Radioact. 2017; 166: 436- 48.
26
Lebecki K, Malachowski M, Soltysiak T. Continuous dust monitoring in headings in underground coal mines. J Sust Min. 2016; 15: 125-32.
27
Battata JBR, Brack J, Daw E, Dorofeev A, Ezeribe AC, Fox JR, et al. Radon in the DRIFT-II directional dark matter TPC: emanation, detection and mitigation. J Inst. 2014; 9: P11004.
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Kendall GM, Smith TJ. Doses to organs and tissues from radon and its decay products. J Radiol Prot. 2002; 22: 389–406.
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Smith H. Human respiratory tract model for radiological protection. ICRP publication 66. 1994.
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Yu KN, Lau BM, Nikezic D. Assessment of environmental radon hazard using human respiratory tract models. J Hazard Mater. 2006; 132: 98-110.
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Vennart J. Limits for intakes of radionuclides by workers: ICRP publication 30. Health physics. 1981; 40: 477-84.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Three-Dimensional Double-Echo Steady-State Sequence with Routine Two-Dimensional Sequence in the Depiction of Knee Cartilage
Introduction: There are some routine two-dimensional sequences, including short tau inversion recovery (STIR), T2-weighted fast-spin echo (T2W-FSE), and proton-density fast spin-echo for diagnosing osteoarthritis and lesions of the knee cartilage. However, these sequences have some disadvantages, such as long scan time, inadequate spatial resolution, and suboptimal tissue contrast which results in loss of image details, as well as missing the visualization of knee cartilage lesions. Three-dimensional (3D) sequences, such as the double-echo steady-state (DESS) sequence can decrease and overcome these problems to the smallest possible amount. Material and Methods: A total of 15 volunteers with knee pain were examined by a 1.5 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging.The contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and thickness values of the knee articular cartilage were measured. The CNR and thickness values were comparedby the Friedman test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The obtained results showed significant differences between sequences in CNR and thickness values. The DESS sequence with a flip angle of 40°showed the best CNR values and 3D fast low-angle shot (FLASH) showed the worst results. In addition, the results showed no significant differences between FLASH, 3D DESS 40° and 90° in terms of cartilage thickness. However, thickness values of these sequences were much higher than that of the PD, T2, and STIR sequences. Conclusion: The 3D DESS sequence with two flip angles of 40°and 90° are the best sequences for visualizing the cartilage and the synovial fluid. Because they provide the best contrast between the cartilage and the synovial fluid, it is recommended to use DESS sequences in the evaluation of cartilage defections.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13673_12ec4d1a24b3c17638272bdfa991f226.pdf
2020-03-01
75
80
10.22038/ijmp.2019.40783.1578
Osteoarthritis
cartilage
MRI
DESS sequence
sepehr
Lotfi Marangaloo
seplotfi@gmail.com
1
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Amir shahriar
Ariamanesh
drariamanesh@yahoo.com
2
Department of Orthopedic ,Faculty of medicine,Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Behzad
Aminzadeh
aminzadehb@mums.ac.ir
3
Department of radiology, faculty of medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hormoz
abedi
habedimp@gmail.com
4
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
ali
abbaszadeh
aliabbas37254@gmail.com
5
Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences , Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Alireza
Montazerabadi
alireza.montazerabadi@gmail.com
6
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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Brittberg M, Lindahl A, Nilsson A, Ohlsson C, Isaksson O, Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. The New England journal of medicine. 1994;331(14):889-95.
2
Amin S, LaValley MP, Guermazi A, Grigoryan M, Hunter DJ, Clancy M, et al. The relationship between cartilage loss on magnetic resonance imaging and radiographic progression in men and women with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and rheumatism. 2005;52(10):3152-9.
3
Kraus VB, Sprow K, Powell KE, Buchner D, Bloodgood B, Piercy K, et al. Effects of Physical Activity in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Umbrella Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2019;51(6):1324-39.
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March LM, Bachmeier CJ. Economics of osteoarthritis: a global perspective. Bailliere's clinical rheumatology. 1997;11(4):817-34.
5
Wang Y, Wluka AE, Jones G, Ding C, Cicuttini FM. Use magnetic resonance imaging to assess articular cartilage. Therapeutic advances in musculoskeletal disease. 2012;4(2):77-97.
6
Coumas JM, Palmer WE. Knee arthrography. Evolution and current status. Radiologic clinics of North America. 1998;36(4):703-28.
7
Crema MD, Roemer FW, Marra MD, Burstein D, Gold GE, Eckstein F, et al. Articular cartilage in the knee: current MR imaging techniques and applications in clinical practice and research. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2011;31(1):37-61.
8
Peterfy CG, Gold G, Eckstein F, Cicuttini F, Dardzinski B, Stevens R. MRI protocols for whole-organ assessment of the knee in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2006;14 Suppl A:A95-111.
9
Han CH, Park HJ, Lee SY, Chung EC, Choi SH, Yun JS, et al. IDEAL 3D spoiled gradient echo of the articular cartilage of the knee on 3.0 T MRI: a comparison with conventional 3.0 T fast spin-echo T2 fat saturation image. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2015;56(12):1479-86.
10
Milewski MD, Smitaman E, Moukaddam H, Katz LD, Essig DA, Medvecky MJ, et al. Comparison of 3D vs. 2D fast spin echo imaging for evaluation of articular cartilage in the knee on a 3T system scientific research. European journal of radiology. 2012;81(7):1637-43.
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Kijowski R, Gold GE. Routine 3D magnetic resonance imaging of joints. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI. 2011;33(4):758-71.
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Kijowski R, Blankenbaker DG, Woods M, Del Rio AM, De Smet AA, Reeder SB. Clinical usefulness of adding 3D cartilage imaging sequences to a routine knee MR protocol. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2011;196(1):159-67.
13
Crema MD, Nogueira-Barbosa MH, Roemer FW, Marra MD, Niu J, Chagas-Neto FA, et al. Three-dimensional turbo spin-echo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and semiquantitative assessment of knee osteoarthritis: comparison with two-dimensional routine MRI. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2013;21(3):428-33.
14
Siepmann DB, McGovern J, Brittain JH, Reeder SB. High-resolution 3D cartilage imaging with IDEAL SPGR at 3 T. AJR American journal of roentgenology. 2007;189(6):1510-5.
15
Lavdas E, Topalzikis T, Mavroidis P, Kyriakis I, Roka V, Kostopoulos S, et al. Comparison of PD BLADE with fat saturation (FS), PD FS and T2 3D DESS with water excitation (WE) in detecting articular knee cartilage defects. Magnetic resonance imaging. 2013;31(8):1255-62.
16
Hardy PA, Recht MP, Piraino D, Thomasson D. Optimization of a dual echo in the steady state (DESS) free-precession sequence for imaging cartilage. Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI. 1996;6(2):329-35.
17
Eckstein F, Hudelmaier M, Wirth W, Kiefer B, Jackson R, Yu J, et al. Double echo steady state magnetic resonance imaging of knee articular cartilage at 3 Tesla: a pilot study for the Osteoarthritis Initiative. Annals of the rheumatic diseases. 2006;65(4):433-41.
18
Duc SR, Pfirrmann CW, Schmid MR, Zanetti M, Koch PP, Kalberer F, et al. Articular cartilage defects detected with 3D water-excitation true FISP: prospective comparison with sequences commonly used for knee imaging. Radiology. 2007;245(1):216-23.
19
Ruehm S, Zanetti M, Romero J, Hodler J. MRI of patellar articular cartilage: evaluation of an optimized gradient echo sequence (3D-DESS). Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI. 1998;8(6):1246-51.
20
Schaefer FK, Kurz B, Schaefer PJ, Fuerst M, Hedderich J, Graessner J, et al. Accuracy and precision in the detection of articular cartilage lesions using magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 Tesla in an in vitro study with orthopedic and histopathologic correlation. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2007;48(10):1131-7.
21
Sharma L. Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: clinical. Osteoarthritis and cartilage. 2016;24(1):36-48.
22
Van Dyck P, Vanhevel F, Vanhoenacker FM, Wouters K, Grodzki DM, Gielen JL, et al. Morphological MR imaging of the articular cartilage of the knee at 3 T-comparison of standard and novel 3D sequences. Insights into imaging. 2015;6(3):285-93.
23
Moriya S, Miki Y, Kanagaki M, Yamamoto A, Okudaira S, Nakamura S, et al. Evaluation of cartilage surface injuries using 3D-double echo steady state (3D-DESS): effect of changing flip angle from 40 degrees to 90 degrees. Acta radiologica (Stockholm, Sweden : 1987). 2011;52(10):1138-42.
24
Moriya S, Miki Y, Kanagaki M, Matsuno Y, Miyati T. 90 degrees -flip-angle three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D-DESS) magnetic resonance imaging of the knee: isovoxel cartilage imaging at 3T. European journal of radiology. 2014;83(8):1429-32.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparative Study of the Construction of Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Facilities in Three South African Hospitals
Introduction: Development of higher energy modalities such as positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), has led to more complex shielding problems. This is due to several factors, such as the radiopharmaceutical relatively high-administered activity, high patient throughput, and high energies of 511 kilo-electron volt (keV) positron annihilation photons. Therefore, this study aimed to compare three different methods used to determine the required shielding thicknesses of PET/CT facilities. Material and Methods: The required shielding thicknesses for three facilities were determined by using three different shielding methods, i.e. narrow beam, broad beam and Monte Carlo approximation. The design goal was chosen as 6 mSv/year for radiation workers and 1 mSv/year for the public. In addition, occupancy factors (T) were established, and all calculations had a use factor (U) of 1. The workload (W) of facilities and thicknesses of all barriers were then calculated for the three facilities. Results: For narrow beam approximation the average required thicknesses obtained were 6.16 mm lead, 5.12 cm concrete and 2.95 cm iron. Broad beam approximation required an average of 7.55 mm lead, 8.01 cm concrete and 2.96 cm iron thicknesses. Monte Carlo approximation required 7.62 mm lead, 10.59 cm concrete and 2.94 cm iron thicknesses. Conclusion: The narrow beam approximation demonstrated the least shielding thickness required for the materials used in this study, which can lead to under-shielding. The broad beam and Monte Carlo approximations demonstrated higher required shielding thickness although there were discrepancies between these two approximations for lead, concrete, and iron.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13422_56532caa0b374b4cb68425b3adea1b6c.pdf
2020-03-01
81
89
10.22038/ijmp.2019.35911.1455
PET/CT
Shielding
Monte Carlo
Nompumelelo
Masango
nompumelelodumako@gmail.com
1
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Health Science, Sefako Makgatho Health Science University, Pretoria, South Africa
LEAD_AUTHOR
Bronwin
Van Wyk
bronwin.vanwyk@smu.ac.za
2
Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Dr George MUkhari Hospital, Pretoria, South Africa.
AUTHOR
Modisenyane
Mongane
monganems@ufs.ac.za
3
University of free State Faculty: Health Sciences PO Box Bloemfontein 9300, Republic of South Africa
AUTHOR
References
1
Methé BM. Shielding design for a PET imaging suite: a case study. Health physics. 2003;84(5):S83-8.
2
Zanzonico P, Dauer L, Germain JS. Operational radiation safety for PET-CT, SPECT-CT, and cyclotron facilities. Health physics. 2008;95(5):554-70.
3
Madsen MT, Anderson JA, Halama JR, Kleck J, Simpkin DJ, Votaw JR, et al. AAPM task group 108: PET and PET/CT shielding requirements. Medical Physics. 2006 ;33(1):4-15.
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Mollah A, Muraduzzaman M. Calculation of shielding and radiation dose for PET/CT nuclear medicine facility. 2011.
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Valentin J. The 2007 recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. International Commission on Radiological Protection: Elsevier; 2008.
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National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements. Report 151 Structural shielding design and evaluation for megavoltage X- and gamma-ray radiotherapy facilities. J Radiol Prot. 2006; 26:349.
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Cruzate J, Discacciatti A. Shielding of medical facilities. Shielding design considerations for PET-CT facilities. In: Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association: Proceedings of the 12th Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association. 2018.
8
Jha A, Singh A, Mithun S, Shah S, Agrawal A, Purandare N, et al. Designing of high-volume PET/CT facility with optimal reduction of radiation exposure to staff: Implementation and optimization in a tertiary health care facility in India. World J Nucl Med. 2015; 14(3):189.
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Anderson JA, Mathews D. Site planning and radiation safety in the PET facility. Proceedings of the 44th Annual American Association of Physicists in Medicine. 2002:14-8.
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Zeb J, Arshad W, Rashid A, Akhter P. Gamma shielding by aluminum (Al-shielder manual). Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology; 2010.
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Elschot M, Wit TC, Jong HWAM. The influence of self-absorption on PET and PET/CT shielding requirements. Med Phys. 2010; 37(6):2999-3007.
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Hippeläinen E, Nikkinen P, Ihalainen T, Ihalainen T, Uusi-Simola J, Savolainen S. Personal radiation doses in PET/CT facility: Measurements vs. calculations. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2008; 132:57–63.
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Hoff G, Costa PR. A comparative study for different shielding material composition and beam geometry applied to PET facilities: simulated transmission curves. Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Biomédica. 2013;29(1):86-96.
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Lo Meo S, Cicoria G, Campanella F, Mattozzi M, Panebianco A, Marengo M. Radiation dose around a PET scanner installation: Comparison of Monte Carlo simulations, analytical calculations and experimental results. Phys Med. 2014; 30:448-53.
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Fog L, Comark J. Mathematical modelling of the radiation dose received from photons passing over and through shielding walls in a PET/CT suite. Health Phys. 2010; 99: 769-79.
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17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Comparative Study of 3-D Conformal Radiotherapy Treatment Plans with and Without Deep Inspiration Breath-Hold Technique for Left-Sided Breast Cancer
Introduction: The rate of cardiac diseases have increased among patients who underwent radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer. The study’s aim was evaluate the dose to organs at risk in free-breathing 3-dimensional conformal (FB-3DCRT) against 3-dimensional conformal deep inspiration breath-hold (3DCRT-DIBH) in patients with left-sided breast cancer. Material and Methods: In total, 15th female patients diagnosed with left-sided breast cancer were included in this study from December 2017 to December 2018. All selected patients were subjected to FB and DIBH computed tomography (CT) scans. The 3DCRT plans were created on both DIBH and FB scans for each selected patient. Various doses were obtained from dose-volume histograms and then compared. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 20) (IBM; IL). P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The results obtained from the DIBH and FB conditions were compared. The average maximum dose and V95% for planning target volume was approximate for both DIBH and FB, and the average mean doses to the heart, left anterior descending artery, and left lung were decreased by 40.50% (P=0.0003), 54.30% (P=0.02),and 18.50% (P=0.0002) in DIBH, respectively. Moreover, the heart V25% and V30% were decreased by 36% (P=0.06) and 35.8 % (P=0.03) in DIBH, respectively. Regarding the left lung, a decrease by 18.10% in V10% (P=0.0006) and 18% in V20% (P=0.0002) was also observed in DIBH. Conclusion: The 3DCRT-DIBH for patients with left-sided breast cancer maintained the benefits of radiotherapy while minimizing cardiac risks. All patients completed their treatment smoothly.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13421_124845c75c1e08236bd324393ee9cdbe.pdf
2020-03-01
90
98
10.22038/ijmp.2019.40081.1545
left
Sided Breast Cancer FB and DIBH 3
DCRT Plans
Mohammed
Morsy
ph_moh_ali@yahoo.com
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Suez Canal University
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ehab
Attalla
attalla.ehab@gmail.com
2
Prof. of Medical physics ; National Cancer Institute, cairo university & children'n Cancer Hospital ,Egypt
AUTHOR
Wahib
Attia
wahibattia@hotmail.com
3
Professor of Physics, Physics Department, Faculty of Science (Ismailia) Suez Canal University
AUTHOR
References
1
Correa CR, Litt HI, Hwang WT, Ferrari VA, Solin LJ, Harris EE. Coronary artery findings after left-sided compared with right-sided radiation treatment for early-stage breast cancer. Journal of clinical oncology. 2007;25(21):3031-7.
2
Harris EE, Correa C, Hwang WT, Liao J, Litt HI, Ferrari VA, et al. Late cardiac mortality and morbidity in early-stage breast cancer patients after breast-conservation treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006;24(25):4100-6.
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McGale P, Darby SC, Hall P, Adolfsson J, Bengtsson NO, Bennet AM, et al. Incidence of heart disease in 35,000 women treated with radiotherapy for breast cancer in Denmark and Sweden. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2011;100(2):167-75.
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Lu HM, Cash E, Chen MH, Chin L, Manning WJ, Harris J, et al. Reduction of cardiac volume in left-breast treatment fields by respiratory maneuvers: a CT study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2000;47(4):895-904.
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Pedersen AN, Korreman S, Nyström H, Specht L. Breathing adapted radiotherapy of breast cancer: reduction of cardiac and pulmonary doses using voluntary inspiration breath-hold. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2004;72(1):53-60.
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Remouchamps VM, Vicini FA, Sharpe MB, Kestin LL, Martinez AA, Wong JW. Significant reductions in heart and lung doses using deep inspiration breath hold with active breathing control and intensity-modulated radiation therapy for patients treated with locoregional breast irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2003;55(2):392-406.
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Nemoto K, Oguchi M, Nakajima M, Kozuka T, Nose T, Yamashita T. Cardiac-sparing radiotherapy for the left breast cancer with deep breath-holding. Japanese journal of radiology. 2009;27(7):259-63.
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Berson AM, Emery R, Rodriguez L, Richards GM, Ng T, Sanghavi S, et al. Clinical experience using respiratory gated radiation therapy: comparison of free-breathing and breath-hold techniques. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2004;60(2):419-26.
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Shen S, Duan J, Fiveash JB, Brezovich IA, Plant BA, Spencer SA, et al. Validation of target volume and position in respiratory gated CT planning and treatment. Medical physics. 2003; 30(12):3196-205.
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Vedam SS, Kini VR, Keall PJ, Ramakrishnan V, Mostafavi H, Mohan R. Quantifying the predictability of diaphragm motion during respiration with a noninvasive external marker. Medical physics. 2003;30(4):505-13.
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Mageras GS, Yorke E, Rosenzweig K, Braban L, Keatley E, Ford E, et al. Fluoroscopic evaluation of diaphragmatic motion reduction with a respiratory gated radiotherapy system. Journal of applied clinical medical physics. 2001;2(4):191-200.
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Nemoto K, Oguchi M, Nakajima M, Kozuka T, Nose T, Yamashita T. Cardiac-sparing radiotherapy for the left breast cancer with deep breath-holding. Japanese journal of radiology. 2009;27(7):259-63.
17
Stranzl H, Zurl B. Postoperative irradiation of left-sided breast cancer patients and cardiac toxicity. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie. 2008;184(7):354-8.
18
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20
Feng M, Moran JM, Koelling T, Chughtai A, Chan JL, Freedman L, et al. Development and validation of a heart atlas to study cardiac exposure to radiation following treatment for breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2011;79(1):10-8.
21
Bentzen SM, Agrawal RK, Aird EG, Barrett JM, Barrett-Lee PJ, Bliss JM, et al. The UK Standardisation of Breast Radiotherapy (START) Trial A of radiotherapy hypofractionation for treatment of early breast cancer: a randomised trial. The Lancet. Oncology. 2008;9(4):331-41.
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24
Goddu SM, Chaudhari S, Mamalui-Hunter M, Pechenaya OL, Pratt D, Mutic S, et al. Helical tomotherapy planning for left-sided breast cancer patients with positive lymph nodes: comparison to conventional multiport breast technique. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2009;73(4):1243-51.
25
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26
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29
Raj KA, Evans ES, Prosnitz RG, Quaranta BP, Hardenbergh PH, Hollis DR, et al. Is there an increased risk of local recurrence under the heart block in patients with left-sided breast cancer?. The Cancer Journal. 2006;12(4):309-17.
30
Hong JC, Rahimy E, Gross CP, Shafman T, Hu X, James BY, et al. Radiation dose and cardiac risk in breast cancer treatment: An analysis of modern radiation therapy including community settings. Practical radiation oncology. 2018;8(3):79-86.
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Duane F, Aznar MC, Bartlett F, Cutter DJ, Darby SC, Jagsi R, Lorenzen EL, McArdle O, 33- 33- McGale P, Myerson S, Rahimi K. A cardiac contouring atlas for radiotherapy. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2017 Mar 1;122(3):416-22.
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Van den Bogaard VA, Ta BD, Van der Schaaf A, Bouma AB, Middag AM, Bantema-Joppe EJ, et al. Validation and modification of a prediction model for acute cardiac events in patients with breast cancer treated with radiotherapy based on three-dimensional dose distributions to cardiac substructures. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2017;35(11):1171.
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Borst GR, Sonke JJ, den Hollander S, Betgen A, Remeijer P, van Giersbergen A, Russell NS, Elkhuizen PH, Bartelink H, van Vliet-Vroegindeweij C. Clinical results of image-guided deep inspiration breath hold breast irradiation. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2010 Dec 1;78(5):1345-51.
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Vikström J, Hjelstuen MH, Mjaaland I, Dybvik KI. Cardiac and pulmonary dose reduction for tangentially irradiated breast cancer, utilizing deep inspiration breath-hold with audio-visual guidance, without compromising target coverage. Acta Oncologica. 2011 Jan 1;50(1):42-50.
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Hayden AJ, Rains M, Tiver K. Deep inspiration breath hold technique reduces heart dose from radiotherapy for left‐sided breast cancer. Journal of medical imaging and radiation oncology. 2012 Aug;56(4):464-72.
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Hjelstuen MH, Mjaaland I, Vikström J, Dybvik KI. Radiation during deep inspiration allows loco-regional treatment of left breast and axillary-, supraclavicular-and internal mammary lymph nodes without compromising target coverage or dose restrictions to organs at risk. Acta Oncologica. 2012 Mar 1;51(3):333-44.
39
Bruzzaniti V, Abate A, Pinnarò P, D’Andrea M, Infusino E, Landoni V, Soriani A, Giordano C, Ferraro AM, Strigari L. Dosimetric and clinical advantages of deep inspiration breath-hold (DIBH) during radiotherapy of breast cancer. Journal of Experimental & Clinical Cancer Research. 2013 Dec;32(1):88.
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41
Reardon KA, Read PW, Morris MM, Reardon MA, Geesey C, Wijesooriya K. A comparative analysis of 3D conformal deep inspiratory–breath hold and free-breathing intensity-modulated radiation therapy for left-sided breast cancer. Medical Dosimetry. 2013 Jun 1;38(2):190-5.
42
Bolukbasi Y, Saglam Y, Selek U, Topkan E, Kataria A, Unal Z, Alpan V. Reproducible deep-inspiration breath-hold irradiation with forward intensity-modulated radiotherapy for left-sided breast cancer significantly reduces cardiac radiation exposure compared to inverse intensity-modulated radiotherapy. Tumori Journal. 2014 Mar;100(2):169-78.
43
Verhoeven K, Sweldens C, Petillion S, Laenen A, Peeters S, Janssen H, Van Limbergen E, Weltens C. Breathing adapted radiation therapy in comparison with prone position to reduce the doses to the heart, left anterior descending coronary artery, and contralateral breast in whole breast radiation therapy. Practical radiation oncology. 2014 Mar 1;4(2):123-9.
44
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45
Mulliez T, Veldeman L, Speleers B, Mahjoubi K, Remouchamps V, Van Greveling A, Gilsoul M, Berwouts D, Lievens Y, Van den Broecke R, De Neve W. Heart dose reduction by prone deep inspiration breath hold in left-sided breast irradiation. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2015 Jan 1;114(1):79-84.
46
Lawler G, Leech M. Dose sparing potential of deep inspiration breath-hold technique for left breast cancer radiotherapy organs-at-risk. Anticancer research. 2017 Feb 1;37(2):883-90.
47
McIntosh A, Shoushtari AN, Benedict SH, Read PW, Wijesooriya K. Quantifying the reproducibility of heart position during treatment and corresponding delivered heart dose in voluntary deep inhalation breath hold for left breast cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2011 Nov 15;81(4): e569-76.
48
Johansen S, Vikström J, Hjelstuen MH, Mjaaland I, Dybvik KI, Olsen DR. Dose evaluation and risk estimation for secondary cancer in contralateral breast and a study of correlation between thorax shape and dose to organs at risk following tangentially breast irradiation during deep inspiration breath-hold and free breathing. Acta Oncologica. 2011 May 1;50(4):563-8.
49
Stranzl H, Zurl B, Langsenlehner T, Kapp KS. Wide tangential fields including the internal mammary lymph nodes in patients with left-sided breast cancer. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie. 2009 Mar 1;185(3):155-60.
50
Stranzl H, Zurl B. Postoperative irradiation of left-sided breast cancer patients and cardiac toxicity. Strahlentherapie und Onkologie. 2008 Jul 1;184(7):354-8.
51
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Establishment of Diagnostic Reference Levels and Estimation of Effective Dose from Computed Tomography Head Scans at a Tertiary Hospital in South Africa
Introduction: Head scans are the most frequently performed computed tomography (CT) examinations worldwide. However, there is growing concern over the probability of increased cancer risks among the exposed populations. Diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) identify radiation dose that is not commensurate with clinical objectives. The aim of this study was to establish DRLs for CT head procedures and estimate effective dose (ED). Material and Methods: The dose absorbed by the head slice of a Rando Alderson phantom was measured using calibrated lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) exposed to a CT scanner operated on clinical parameters. The measurements were done at the periphery and center of the slice, and repeated twice with a new set of TLDs. The radiation dose absorbed by the TLDs was read using a Harshaw TLD reader, Model 5500. The measured doses were used to calculate the weighted CT dose index (CTDIw), CT dose index volume (CTDIv), and dose length product (DLP). Finally, the ED was calculated using the formula; ED = k × DLP, where k was considered as 0.0021. Results: The mean absorbed dose was 30.9 mGy, while the established CTDIv and DLP values for the head protocol were 40 mGy and 990 mGy.cm, respectively. Additionally, the ED was calculated as 2.1 mSv. These values compared well with some international values. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the established CTDIv, DLP, and ED for head scan were well-compared with some international values, except in the cases using different scan lengths and scanner algorithms.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13341_d60ca8a5bc9f6cc873eff2d8665762e6.pdf
2020-03-01
99
106
10.22038/ijmp.2019.39685.1531
Effective Dose
Computed Tomography Dose
Absorbed Dose
Mpumelelo
Nyathi
mpumelelo.nyathi@smu.ac.za
1
Department of Medical Physics
Sefako Makgatho Health Sciences University
SouthAfrica
LEAD_AUTHOR
References
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Damilakis J. How to measure CT doses. ESR EuroSafe Imaging - Experts & Partners. Available from: http://www.eurosafeimaging.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/How-to-measure-the-dose-in-CT_Damilakis.pdf.
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Limchareon S, Kaowises K, Saensawas W. Management of radiation dose reduction in computed tomography: an experience at burapha university hospital, Thailand. Radiol Diagn Imaging. 2018; 2(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.15761/RDI.1000123.
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Kalra MK, Sodickson AD, Mayo-Smith WW. CT radiation: key concepts for gentle and wise use. Radiographics. 2015;35(6):1706-21.
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Okeji MC, Ibrahim NS, Geoffrey L, Abukar F, Ahamed A. Evaluation of absorbed dose and Protocols during brain Computed Tomography scans in Nigerian Tertiary Hospital. World J Med Sci. 2016;13(4):251-4.
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Tsushima Y, Taketomi-Takahashi A, Takei H, Otake H, Endo K. Radiation exposure from CT examinations in Japan. BMC medical imaging. 2010;10(1):24.
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Wardlaw GM. Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs): Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs: Concepts, Canada, and Constraints Concepts, COMP Winter Imaging School COMP Winter Imaging School. 2017. Available from: http://www.comp-ocpm.ca/download.php?id=1137.
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Van der Molen AJ, Schilham A, Stoop P, Prokop M, Geleijns J. A national survey on radiation dose in CT in The Netherlands. Insights into imaging. 2013;4(3):383-90.
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Leswick DA, Syed NS, Dumaine CS, Lim HJ, Fladeland DA. Radiation dose from diagnostic computed tomography in Saskatchewan. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 2009;60(2):71-8.
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Knipe H, Johanes J. Effective dose. 2019. Available from: https//radiopedia.org/articles/effective dose.
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ICRP Publication. 102 Managing Patient Dose in Multi-Detector Computed Tomography (MDCT). SAGE Publications Ltd. 2008.
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Toosi MTB, Gholamhosseinian H, Noghreiyan AV. Assessment of the effects of radiation type and energy type on the Calibration of TLD-100. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 140-5.
23
Ebrahimi Tazehmahalleh F, Gholamhosseinian H, Layegh M, Ebrahimi Tazehmahalleh N, Esmaily H. Determining rectal dose through cervical cancer radiotherapy by 9 MV photon beam using TLD and XR type T GAFCHROMIC® Film 5. Iran J Radiat Res. 2008;129:134.
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Burke Burke K, Sutton D. Optimization and Deconvolution of Lithium Fluoride TLD-100 in Diagnostic radiology. Brit J Radiol. 1997; 70(1779): 261-71.
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Najafi M, Deevband MR, Ahmadi M, Kardan MR. Establishment of diagnostic reference levels for multi-detector computed tomography examination in Iran. Australas Phys Sci Med. 2015; 38:603-9.
26
Janbabanezhad RA, Shabestani-Monfared A. Deevbad MR, Abdi R, Nabahati M. Dose Assessment in computed Tomography Examination and establishment of diagnostic reference levels in Mazandaran, Iran. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2015;5(4):177-83.
27
Cho PK, Seo BK, Choi TK. The Development of a diagnostic rreference level on patient dose for CT in Korea. Radiation protection Dosimetry. 2007:1-6.
28
Tavakoli MB, Heydari K, Jafari S. Evaluation of Diagnostic reference levels for CT scan in Isfan. Global Journal of Medicne Research and Studies. 2014;1(4):130-4
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Saravanakumar A, Vaideki K, Govindarajan KN, Devanand B, Jayakumar S, Sharma SD. Establishment of CT diagnostic reference levels in select procedures in South India. International Journal of Radiation Research. 2016;14(4):341-7.
30
Muhogora WE, Nyanda AM, Ngoye WM, Shao D. Radiation doses to patients during selected CT procedures at four hospitals in Tanzania. European journal of radiology. 2006;57(3):461-7.
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34
Leswick DA, Syed NS, Dumaine CS, Lim HJ, Fladeland DA. Radiation dose from diagnostic computed tomography in Saskatchewan. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 2009;60(2):71-8.
35
Brix G, Nagel HD, Stamm G, Veit R, Lechel U, Griebel J, et al. Radiation exposure in multi-slice versus single-slice spiral CT: results of a nationwide survey. European radiology. 2003;13(8):1979-91.
36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Radiological Hazard Assessment of Radionuclides in Sediment and Water Samples of International Meighan Wetland in Arak, Iran
Introduction: There are natural and artificial radioactive nuclei in our environment, as well as in the structure of the living organism. Currently, industrial and municipal pollution has also an impact on increasing the level of radiation. The present study investigated the effect of inlet water from Arak Wastewater Treatment Plant on international Meighan Wetland and assessed the radiological indicators of sediments and water samples in this area. Material and Methods: In this study, the specific activity of radionuclides in water and sediment samples taken from the water entry areas of the international Meighan wetland was determined using a high purity germanium detector (Baltic Scientific Instrument LTD, 005- Latvia). Radiological indices for collected samples were calculated, and the topographical maps of radiation dose distribution were plotted using Surfer software (version 13). Results: Specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K, and 137Cs in sediment samples were in the range of 14.44-26.58, 22.78-34.56, 360.84-447.79, and 0.7-13.03 , respectively. The average values of the external hazard index for sediment samples were calculated at 0.25. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that pollution is more embedded in the Treatment Plant's basin, and a small amount goes to the wetlands. Radioactivity in the research area is normal, and topographic maps show that the distance from the entrance reduces the activity of radium and increases the activity of cesium. Assessment of hazard indicators showed that radiation levels in this area are not dangerous to human health.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13262_d1140d86c214ac02ed0dd2239bef5d70.pdf
2020-03-01
107
113
10.22038/ijmp.2019.39081.1512
Cancer
Dosage
Natural radiation
sediment
water
Reza
Pourimani
r-pourimani@araku.ac.ir
1
Department of Nuclear Physics,
Faculty of Science
Arak University,
Arak 38156
Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Ramin
Fardad
fardad_ramin@yahoo.com
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Hasan
Khalili
h-khalili@araku.ac.ir
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak , Iran
AUTHOR
References
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El-Arabi AM. 226Ra, 232Th and 40K concentration in igneous rocks from eastern desert Egypt and its radiological implication. Radiation Measurement. 2007; 42: 94-100.
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UNSCEAR. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. Sources, effects and risks of ionizing radiation. New York: United Nations. 2000.
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Meighan Wetland. Available from: http:// www.worldwetnet.org/news/2015/1/meighan-wetland.
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Gilmore GR. Practical Gamma-ray Spectrometry. Nuclear Training Services Ltd Warrington, UK, 2nd Edition. 2008.
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Thabayneh KM, Jazzar MM. Radioactivity levels in plant samples in Tulkarem district, Palestine and its impact on human health. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 2013; 153:467‑74.
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Avwiri GO, Ononugbo CP, Nwokeoji IE. Radiation hazard indices and excess lifetime cancer risk in soil, sediment and water around mini-okoro/oginigba creek, port harcourt, rivers stete, Nigeria. Comprehensive Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences. 2014; 3(1): 38-50.
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18
Pourimani R, Asadpour F. Determination of Specific Activities of Radionuclides in Soil and Their Transfer Factor from Soil to Bean and Calculation of Cancer Risk for Bean Consumption in Iran. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ). 2016; 19(107): 9-18 (in Persian).
19
Pourimani R, Davoodmaghami T. Radiological Hazard Resulting from Natural Radioactivity of Soil in East of Shazand Power Plant. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 192-9. DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2018.26655.1272.
20
Pourimani R, Mortazavi Shahroodi M. Radiological Assessment of the Artificial and Natural Radionuclide Concentrations of Wheat and Barley Samples in Karbala, Iraq. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15:126-31. DOI: 10.22038/ijmp.2017.24190.1238.
21
Liu G, Luo Q, Ding M, Feng J. Natural radionuclides in soil near a coal-fired power plant in the high background radiation area, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 2015; 187: 356. DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4501-y.
22
Ibrahiem, NM, Shawky SM, Amer HA. Radioactivity levels in Lake Nasser sediments. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1995; 46 (5): 297–9.
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Lambrechts A, Foulquier L, Garnier-Laplace J. Natural radioactivity in the aquatic components of the main French rivers. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1992; 45 (1): 253–6.
24
Tani M, Jankovic-Mandic L, Gajic BA, Marko D, Dragovic S, Bacic G. Natural Radionuclides in Soil Pro files Surrounding the Largest Coal-Fired Power Plant in Serbia. Nuclear Technology & Radiation Protection. 2016; 31(3): 247-59. DOI:10.2298/NTRP1603247T.
25
Ligero RA, Ramos-Lerate I, Barrera M, Casas-Ruiz M. Relationships between sea-bed radionuclide activities and some sedimentological variables. J. Environ. Radioact. 2001; 57: 7–19.
26
Benamar MA, Zerrouki A, Idiri Z, Tobbeche S. Natural and artificial levels in sediments in Algiers Bay. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 1997; 48 (8): 1161–4.
27
Doretti L, Ferrar D, Barison G, Gerbasi R, Battiston G. Natural radionuclides in the muds and waters used in thermal therapy in Abano Terme, Italy. Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 1992; 45 (1): 175–8.
28
Pourimani R, Anoosheh F. A Study on Transfer Factors of Environmental Radionuclide Transfer from Soil to Different Varieties of Rice in Gorgan, Iran. Iran J Med Phys. 2015; 12(3):189-99.
29
Pourimani R, Azimi H. Gamma Spectrometric Analysis of Iron Ore Samples of Arak, Iran. Iran J Med Phys. 2016; 13(3): 174-82.
30
Pourimani R, Yousefi F. Investigation of Natural Radioactivity of Agricultural and Virgin Soils in Arak and Saraband Cities in Markazi Province, Iran, Journal of Soil and water. 2017; 31(5):1371-82 (Persian).
31
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Assessment of Different Training Methods in an Artificial Neural Network to Calculate 2D Dose Distribution in Radiotherapy
Introduction: Treatment planning is the most important part of treatment. One of the important entries into treatment planning systems is the beam dose distribution data which maybe typically measured or calculated in a long time. This study aimed at shortening the time of dose calculations using artificial neural network (ANN) and finding the best method of training the ANN using Monte Carlo-N-particle (MCNP5) modeling. Material and Methods: Back-propagation learning algorithm was applied to design the neural network. The ANN was trained by MCNP5 calculations, and different kinds of methods were tested to determine the best method for training. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the ANN, the beam profiles and percentage depth dose (PDD) in the field size of 15×15 cm2 were anticipated by ANN using various training methods. Eventually, the results were compared with those obtained from the MCNP5 code. Results: There were good agreements between the results of comparing MCNP5 calculations with experimental measurements. Among the different training methods, Trainbfg had the least error for calculation of PDD and beam profile. Conclusion: The best training method was found to be Trainbfg, and the results revealed the sufficient accuracy of the modeled ANN.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13834_fa2b431ecfcd12590317ef6c75741b3a.pdf
2020-03-01
114
119
10.22038/ijmp.2019.39429.1522
Simulation Training
Radiation Dosage
Radiotherapy Planning Computer-Assisted
Mahdi
Saeedi-Moghadam
m_saeedimoghadam@yahoo.com
1
Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Kamal
Hadad
hadadk@shirazu.ac.ir
2
Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Banafsheh
Zeinali-Rafsanjani
b.zeinali.r@gmail.com
3
Medical imaging research center, Shiraz University of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Jalli
jallireza@yahoo.com
4
Medical imaging research center, Shiraz university of medical sciences, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
References
1
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Kriesel D. A brief introduction to neural networks 2005. Available from: http://www.dkriesel.com/en/science/neural_networks.
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Saeedimoghadam M, Zeinali B, Kazempour M, Jalli R, Sina S. Monte Carlo Study of Several Concrete Shielding Materials Containing Galena and Borated Minerals. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2017;14(4):241-50.
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Zeinali-Rafsanjani B, Faghihi R, Mosleh-Shirazi M, Saeedi-Moghadam M, Jalli R, Sina S. Effect of age-dependent bone electron density on the calculated dose distribution from kilovoltage and megavoltage photon and electron radiotherapy in paediatric MRI-only treatment planning. The British journal of radiology. 2018;91(1081):20170511.
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Zeinali-Rafsanjani B, Mosleh-Shirazi MA, Haghighatafshar M, Jalli R, Saeedi-Moghadam M. Assessment of the dose distribution of Minibeam radiotherapy for lung tumors in an anthropomorphic phantom: a feasibility study. Technology and Health Care. 2017;25(4):683-92.
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Tayebi M, Shooli FS, Saeedi-Moghadam M. Evaluation of the scattered radiations of lead and lead-free aprons in diagnostic radiology by MCNPX. Technology and Health Care. 2017;25(3):513-20.
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29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dosimetric Study of an Indigenous and Heterogeneous Pelvic Phantom for Radiotherapy Quality Assurance
Introduction: In vitro dosimetric verification prior to patient treatment plays a key role in accurate and precision radiotherapy treatment delivery. Since the human body is a heterogeneous medium, the aim of this study was to design a heterogeneous pelvic phantom for radiotherapy quality assurance. Material and Methods: A pelvic phantom was designed using wax, pelvic bone, borax powder, and water mimicking different biological tissues. Hounsfield units and relative electron densities were measured. Various intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plans were imported to the pelvic phantom for verification and implemented on the Delta 4 phantom. The quantitative evaluation was performed in terms of dose deviation, distance to agreement, and gamma index passing rate. Results: According to the results of the CT images of an actual patient, relative electron densities for bone, fat, air cavity, bladder, and rectum were 1.335, 0.955, 0.158, 1.039, and 1.054, respectively. Moreover, the CT images of a heterogeneous pelvic phantom showed the relative electron densities for bone, fat (wax), air cavity, bladder (water), and rectum (borax powder) as 1.632, 0.896, 0.159, 1.037, and 1.051, respectively.The mean percentage variation between planned and measured doses was found to be 2.13% within the tolerance limit (< ±3%) .In all test cases, the gamma index passing rate was greater than 90%. Conclusion: The findings showed the suitability of the materials used in the design of the heterogeneous phantom. Therefore, it can be concluded that the designed phantom can be used for regular radiotherapy quality assurance
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13616_53c4400796e9f168aab951235749980c.pdf
2020-03-01
120
125
10.22038/ijmp.2019.39332.1520
Algorithm
Phantom
CT Number
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy
Sudha
Singh
ssingh8@gmail.com
1
University Department of Physics, Ranchi University, Ranchi- 834008, Jharkhand State, India.
AUTHOR
payal
raina
payalraina2008@gmail.com
2
Ranchi university, Ranchi
LEAD_AUTHOR
Om Prakash
Gurjar
ominbarc@gmail.com
3
All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhopal
AUTHOR
References
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19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Investigation of Neutron Contamination of Flattening Filter and Flattening Filter-Free 10-MV Photon Beams in Elekta InfinityTM Accelerator
Introduction: This study aimed to measure the neutron contamination of flattening filter (FF) and flattening filter-free (FFF) 10-MV photon beams delivered by the Elekta InfinityTM accelerator. Material and Methods: The photoneutron spectrum produced by the Linac head was evaluated using a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. The geometry and composition of the head Linac material were modelled based on information obtained from the manufacturer. In this simulation, MC N-Particle Transport Code software (MCNP6) was utilized to model the Linac head and simulate the particle transport. Evaluation of neutron contamination was carried out for the Linac with FF and without it (i.e., FFF). In this regard, the FFF beam was built by removing the FF from the Linac components. The scoring plane, as the neutron spectra calculation area for FF and FFF beams, was placed 99 cm from the target. Results: The neutron type produced by the head Linac Elekta InfinityTM 10-MV photon mode was mostly thermal and fast. Although there were differences in the neutron intensity of FF and FFF beams, the type of neutrons produced by these two modes had the same energy. Based on the photoneutron reaction energy threshold, it can be concluded that the neutrons produced from the head Linac were the result of photoneutron interactions of high-energy photons with molybdenum-96 and tungsten-184 isotopes. Conclusion: The photoneutron quantity did not change for FF and FFF beams; however, a larger quantity of neutrons was produced in the FF beam.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13423_85d1bb69744dae139e37e4ea4cf691d8.pdf
2020-03-01
126
132
10.22038/ijmp.2019.37195.1471
Neutron
Monte Carlo Method Photon Beam
Linear Accelerator
Sitti
Yani
sitti.yani@s.itb.ac.id
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung
LEAD_AUTHOR
Indra
Budiansah
indra.budiansah@gmail.com
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung
AUTHOR
Fauzia Puspa
Lestari
fplestari@gmail.com
3
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung
AUTHOR
Mohamad
Rhani
mohamad.fahdillah@gmail.com
4
Department of Radiation Oncology, Concord International Hospital, Singapore/ Singapore
AUTHOR
Rasito
Tursinah
rasito@batan.go.id
5
National Nuclear Energy Agency
AUTHOR
Freddy
Haryanto
freddy@fi.itb.ac.id
6
Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut Teknologi Bandung
AUTHOR
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