ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Comparison of Pulse Sequences of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Optimization of Timing and Image Quality
Introduction: The present study aimed to three frequently used pulse sequences of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess the image quality of theses pulse sequences at short acquisition time. Material and Methods: For the purpose of study two tissue equivalent gels were prepared. One gel was made from Polysaccharide and Agarose, whereas second gel was obtained from Ferrous Benzoic Xylenol Orange (FBX) which is tissue equivalent material. 6MV photons were used to irradiate FBX gel from linear accelerator with 25 Gray dose. Imaging parameters are performed in repetition time (TR) for experimental variations. The quantitative analysis included contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and signal to noise ratio (SNR). Results: As evidenced by obtained results at 1.5 Tesla, Fast Spin Echo (FSE) and Fast Fluid Attenuated Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) were most comparable in SNR although, acquisition time of FSE is 62%, 9 %, and 15% less than FLAIR at different values of 4000ms, 4200ms and 4600ms of TR. CNR of Conventional Spin Echo (CSE) was 143% and 93% better than FSE and FLAIR respectively. The time difference between CSE and FSE was 6 min and 34 sec while this difference was 6 min and 43 sec between CSE and FLAIR. Conclusion: FSE and FLAIR produced optimal image quality for many tissues. Their reduced acquisition time could make them perfect option for patients who cannot tolerate longer imaging time. Nonetheless long acquisition time cannot undervalue importance of CSE since it has yielded significantly higher contrast and SNR in T2-weighted images among other pulse sequences of MRI.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13833_3072d9219791670323c0b255bcd3edc6.pdf
2020-11-01
350
358
10.22038/ijmp.2019.38606.1501
Diagnosis
Imaging
magnetic resonance imaging
Phantoms
Signal to noise ratio
Naima
Amin
naimaamin@cuilahore.edu.pk
1
Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
LEAD_AUTHOR
Muhammad
Yousaf
mybhatti@cuilahore.edu.pk
2
Mathematics Department, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Muhammad
Javid
arshadrahictn@gmail.com
3
Department of Basic Sciences,UET,Taxila Pakistan.
AUTHOR
Atika
Farooq
atika.maryam09@gmail.com
4
Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus, Pakistan
AUTHOR
Katarzyna K, Monika BF.Artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging. Pol J Radiol. 2015; 80: 93-106.
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Morelli JN, Runge VM, Ai F, Attenberger U, Vu L, Schmeets SH, et al.An. image-based approach to understanding the physics of MR artifacts.Radiographics. 2011; 31: 849-66.
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Augui J, Vignaux O, Argaud C, Coste J, Gouya H, Legmann P. Liver: T2-weighted MR Imaging with breath-hold fast-recovery optimized fast spin-Echo compared with breath-hold half-fourier and non–breath-hold respiratory-triggered fast spin-echo pulse sequences.. Radiology.2002; 223: 853-859.
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Naima A, Afzal M, Yousaf M, Arshad J. Comparison amongst pulse sequences and imaging parameters for enhanced CNR in T1, T2-weighted study of MRI. J Pak Med Assoc .2017; 67: 225-232.
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Zviniene, K, Zaboriene, I, Basevicius, A, Jurkiene, N, Barauskas, G, Pundzius, J. Comparative diagnostic value of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging in diagnosis of hepatic hemangiomas. Medicina.2010; 46: 329.
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Ali CO, Ute L, Lena MO, Frank J R, Michael B. Comparison of ultrashort echo time sequences for MRI of an ancient mummified human hand. MagnReson Med. 2016; 75: 701–708.
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Cheng L, Jeremy FM, Hamidreza SR, Hee KS,Felix W. Comparison of optimized soft-tissue suppression schemes for ultra-short echo time (UTE) MRI.MagnReson Med. 2012; 68 (3): 680–689.
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Rahmer J, Blume U, Bornert P. Selective 3D ultrashort TE imaging: comparison of dual-echoacquisition and magnetization preparation for improving short-T 2 contrast. MAGMA. 2007; 20 (2): 83-92.
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Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. MHRA 04133 Siemens MAGNETOM Avanto 1.5 T. January 2005.
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Aalia N, Afzal M, Saeed.AB. Effects of variation of MRI parameters on signal homogeneity: A qualitative analysis for ferrous benzoic xylenol orange gel. J Pak Med Assoc 2010;60(6): 470-473.
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26
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Response of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Compound Semi-Conductor Detector against Gamma Photons by Efficiency Calculation: A Microdosimetry Simulation Study
Introduction: Cadmium zinc telluride has recently been used as a compound semiconductor detector in a wide range of fields. The current study is a comprehensive investigation of the performance of this detector against the photon beam. Moreover, a comparative study was carried out with other common detectors using the Mote Carlo code by the implementation of the same strategy. Material and Methods: During the simulation by FLUKA code, a number of photons were regarded as primary particles. It is attractive to trace each incident photon uniquely considering all possible collisions and produced secondary particles at the microdosimetry scale. In the current study, the coordinate of three-dimensional collisions location was realized at detector sensitive volume. Moreover, energy deposition was considered at each unique collision and through all interactions, totally. In addition, the physical concepts of photon interaction with detector volume were assessed, numerically. Furthermore, the effect of gold foils implemented as electrode at both sides of the detector was taken into account. Results: The obtained results indicated the context of photoelectric and Compton scattering in photon interactions with CZT, including the number of interactions, the deposited energy, and three-dimensional collision coordinate, while the latter case is proposed as a new achievement. Conclusion: As evidenced by the obtained results, the performance of this detector can be improved by changing material fraction and detector dimension to achieve optimum efficiency. In addition, the comparative results demonstrated that the efficiency of CZT covered by gold electrodes is superior to other common available semi-conductor detectors.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14358_c01926ee4f21b550325efe9f6d22f971.pdf
2020-11-01
359
365
10.22038/ijmp.2019.43393.1656
semiconductors
Radiation Dosimetry
Photons
Efficiency
Monte Carlo Code
Golnaz
Barzgarnezhad
g.b1003@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Sciences and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
AUTHOR
Ahmad
Esmaili Torshabi
ahmad4958@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Sciences and Modern Technologies, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Fritz SG, Shikhaliev PM. CZT detectors used in different irradiation geometries simulations and experimental results. Med phy. 2009; 36: 1098-108.
1
Verger L, Gentet M C, Gerfault L, Guillemaud R, Mestais C, Monnet O, et al. Performance and perspectives of a CdZnTe-based gamma camera for medical imaging. Nucl Sci, IEEE Transactions. 2004; 51: 3111-7.
2
Lee YJ, Ryu HJ, Cho HM, Lee SW, Choi YN, Kim HJ. Optimization of an ultra-high-resolution parallel-hole collimator for CdTe semiconductor SPECT system. Journal of Instrumentation. 2013;8(01):C01044.
3
Shor A, Eisen Y, Mardor I. Optimum spectroscopic performance from CZT Gamma and X-ray detectors with pad and strip segmentation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods. Phys. Res A. 1999; 428 :182-92.
4
Knoll GF. Radiation detection and measurement. John Wiley & Sons; 2010 Aug 16.
5
Nakhostin M, Esmaili Torshabi A. The influence of electron track lengths on the γ-ray response of compound semiconductor detectors. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res A. 2015; 797: 255-9.
6
Park SH, Ha JH, Lee JH, Cho YH, Kim HS, Kang SM, et al. Fabrication of CZT Planar-Type Detectors and Comparison of their Performance. J Nucl Sci Tech. 2008; 45: 348-51.
7
Bradley PD, Rosenfeld AB, Zaider M. Solid state microdosimetry. Nucl Instrum Methods Phys Res B. 2001; 184: 135-57.
8
Abbaspour S. Mahmoudian B, Pirayesh Islamian J. Cadmium Telluride Semiconductor Detector for Improved Spatial and Energy Resolution Radioisotopic Imaging. World J Nucl Med. 2017; 16: 101–7.
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Bradley PD, Rosenfeld AB, Lee KK, Jamieson DN, Heiser G, Satoh S. Charge collection and radiation hardness of a SOI microdosimeter for medical and space applications. IEEE transactions on nuclear science. 1998 Dec;45(6):2700-10.
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Cornelius I, Siegele R, Rosenfeld AB, Cohen DD. Ion beam induced charge characterisation of a silicon microdosimeter using a heavy ion microprobe. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms. 2002;190(1-4):335-8.
12
Shah KS. Lund JC, Olschner F. Charge collection efficiency in a semiconductor radiation detector with a non-constant electric field. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1990; 37:183–6.
13
Zikovsky L, Chah B. A computer program for calculating Ge (Li) detector counting efficiencies with large volume samples. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 1988;263(2-3):483-6.
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Selim YS, Abbas MI, Fawzy MA. Analytical calculation of the efficiencies of gamma scintillators. Part I: Total efficiency for coaxial disk sources. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 1998;53(6):589-92.
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Jehouani A, Ichaoui R, Boulkheir M. Study of the NaI(Tl)efficiency by Monte Carlo method. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 2000; 53: 887–91.
16
Abbas MI. Analytical formulae for well-type NaI (Tl) and HPGe detectors efficiency computation. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2001;55(2):245-52.
17
Fasso A, Ferrari A, Ranft J, Sala PR. FLUKA: a multi-particle transport code. CERN-2005-10; 2005.
18
Böhlen TT, Cerutti F, Chin MP, Fassò A, Ferrari A, Ortega PG, et al. The FLUKA code: developments and challenges for high energy and medical applications. Nuclear data sheets. 2014 Jun 1;120:211-4.
19
Battistoni G, Bauer J, Boehlen TT, Cerutti F, Chin MP, Dos Santos Augusto R, Ferrari A, Ortega PG, Kozłowska W, Magro G, Mairani A. The FLUKA code: an accurate simulation tool for particle therapy. Frontiers in oncology. 2016;6:116.
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Guthoff M, de Boer W, MüllerS. Simulation of beam induced lattice defects of diamond detectors using FLUKA. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res A. 2014; 735: 223-8.
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Yalcin S, Gurler O, Kaynak G, Gundogdu O. Calculation of total counting efficiency of a NaI(Tl) detector by hybrid Monte-Carlo method for point and disk sources. Appl Radiat Isotopes. 2007; 65: 1179–86.
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Andersen V, Ballarini F, Battistoni G, Campanella M, Carboni M, Cerutti F, et al. The FLUKA code for space applications: recent developments. Adv Space Res. 2004; 34:1302–10.
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Mairani A, Brons S, Cerutti F, Fasso A, Ferrari A, Kramer M, et al. The FLUKA Monte Carlo code coupled with the local effect model for biological calculations in carbon ion therapy. Phys Med Biol. 2010; 55:4273–89.
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Vetter K. Recent Developments in the Fabrication and Operation of Germanium Detectors. ANNU REV NUCL PART S Annu Rev Nucl Part S. 2007; 57: 363-404.
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28
Owens A, Peacock A. Compound semiconductor radiation detectors. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2004;531(1-2):18-37.
29
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Feasibility Study to Reduce the Contamination of Photoneutrons and Photons in Organs/Tissues during Radiotherapy
Introduction: Due to out-of-field effects in radiation therapy, the determination and reduction of both unwanted photon and photoneutron doses are essential for the reasonable assessment of the risks to healthy tissues. Material and Methods: By the application of a multilayer shield throughout the phantom and using two models for photoneutron and photon sources, doses were estimated in a 15-MV linac in tissues and organs. Different neutron moderators were used, and the best materials, such as polyethylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, paraffin, and water, were reported for shielding purpose. Boron carbide and steel were utilized as neutron and gamma absorbents. Various lengths of the shield in line with phantom stature were also assessed in this study. Results: Except for the target organ, with the shield throughout the phantom, both photoneutron and photon doses approximately reduced by 57-89% and 88-95%, respectively. Extra photoneutron dose in the photon source was also reported due to the shield. Then, unwanted doses, especially photon dose remarkably decreased with increasing the steel thickness. The smaller dimensions of the shield caused also a considerable reduction of the photoneutron and photon doses in the phantom. Conclusion: The application of a multilayer shield reduces the photon dose remarkably in healthy tissues. Therefore, it is recommended to use shielding materials to decrease photoneutron and photon doses, which can cause a reduction in the risk of secondary cancer. Due to the relatively high mass of the shield, it is necessary to design a proper device to maintain and move the structure.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14352_62bde7f0f3a911c4ef505310dd0b2824.pdf
2020-11-01
366
373
10.22038/ijmp.2019.40879.1579
Linac
Radiations
Shielding
Absorbed Dose
Roya
Boodaghi malidarre
roya_boodaghi@yahoo.com
1
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Rahim
Khabaz
r.khabaz@gu.ac.ir
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University,Gorgan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad reza
Benam
r.benam@yahoo.com
3
Department of Physics, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahid
Zanganeh
v.zanganeh@gu.ac.ir
4
Golestan university faculty of science, department of physics, Golestan, Iran
AUTHOR
Thalhofer JL, Rebello WF, Correa SA, Silva AX, Souza EM, Batista DV. Calculation of dose in healthy organs, during radiotherapy 4-field box 3D conformal for prostate cancer, simulation of the Linac 2300, radiotherapy room and MAX phantom. 2013.
1
Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, Stovall M, Kuban DA, White RA, et al. Out-of-field photon and neutron dose equivalents from step-and-shoot intensity-modulated radiation therapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2005;62(4):1204-16. Doi: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.12.091.
2
Martínez‐Ovalle SA, Barquero R, Gómez‐Ros JM, Lallena AM. Neutron dosimetry in organs of an adult human phantom using linacs with multileaf collimator in radiotherapy treatments. Medical physics. 2012;39(5):2854-66.
3
Ovalle SA. Neutron dose equivalent in tissue due to linacs of clinical use. Frontiers in Radiation Oncology. 2013;3: 91-112.
4
Khabaz R. Effect of each component of a LINAC therapy head on neutron and photon spectra. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2018; 139:40-5. Doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.04.022.
5
Sánchez-Doblado F, Domingo C, Gómez F, Sánchez-Nieto B, Muñiz JL, García-Fusté MJ, et al. Estimation of neutron-equivalent dose in organs of patients undergoing radiotherapy by the use of a novel online digital detector. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2012;57(19):6167-91. Doi:10.1088/0031-9155/57/19/6167.
6
Kry SF, Howell RM, Salehpour M, Followill DS. Neutron spectra and dose equivalents calculated in tissue for high‐energy radiation therapy. Medical physics. 2009;36(4):1244-50. Doi: 10.1118/1.3089810.
7
Mohammadi N, Miri-Hakimabad H, Rafat-Motavalli L, Akbari F, Abdollahi S. Patient-specific voxel phantom dosimetry during the prostate treatment with high-energy linac. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2015;304(2):785-92. Doi: 10.1007/s10967-014-3872-9.
8
Khabaz R, Boodaghi R, Benam MR, Zanganeh V. Estimation of photoneutron dosimetric characteristics in tissues/organs using an improved simple model of linac head. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2018;133:88-94. Doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2018.04.022.
9
NCRP. Neutron contamination from medical electron accelerators. NCRP Report No. 79. Bethesda, MD.1984.
10
ICRP. Recommendations of the international commission on radiological protection. ICRP Report No. 26. 1997.
11
Garrigó E, Zunino S, Germanier A. Protection of the contralateral breast during radiation therapy for breast cancer. 2008.
12
Roy SC, Sandison GA. Shielding for neutron scattered dose to the fetus in patients treated with 18 MV x‐ray beams. Medical physics. 2000;27(8):1800-3. Doi:10.1118/1.1287438. Pub Med PMID: 10984226.
13
Khabaz R. Evaluation of an alternative convenient irradiation system for determination of emission rate of radio-isotopic neutron sources. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2014;299(1):5-12. Doi: 10.1007/s 10967-013-2728-z.
14
Vega-Carrillo HR, Martinez-Ovalle SA, Lallena AM, Mercado GA, Benites-Rengifo JL. Neutron and photon spectra in LINACs. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2012;71:75-80. Doi: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.03.034.
15
Sheikh‐Bagheri D, Rogers DW. Monte Carlo calculation of nine megavoltage photon beam spectra using the BEAM code. Medical physics. 2002;29(3):391-402. Doi: 10.1118/1.1445413.
16
Chu S. Shielding for radiation scattered dose distribution to the outside fields in patients treated with high energy radiotherapy beams. Proccedings of the International Conference on the Radiological Protection of Patients in Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy. Malaga, March; 2001.
17
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
A Dosimetric Comparison of Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy to Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma
Introduction: The study was conducted to compare volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Material and Methods: Ten computed tomography (CT) scans were selected and for each CT scan, two plans were calculated (IMRT and VMAT). The average cumulative dose-volume histograms of VMAT plans for the planning target volumes (PTVs), organs at risk (OARs), and normal tissues were calculated and compared with those reported for the corresponding IMRT technique. Results: Target coverage was equivalent for both techniques. For primary PTV, the average homogeneity index (HI) of IMRT was significantly lower than the VMAT plans (0.10±0.04 vs. 0.11±0.03; p <0.0001). The average conformity index (CI) values for IMRT and VMAT were 1.21 and 1.12, respectively, with a nonsignificant trend for better results with VMAT (p =0.1). For the PTV boost, there was a nonsignificant trend for better results with VMAT in average HI and CI. The VMAT was superior to IMRT in OAR sparing. For monitor units (MUs), VMAT plans required 70% less MUs than IMRT. Conclusion: For LARC patients, VMAT was able to deliver treatment plans dosimetrically equivalent to IMRT in terms of PTV coverage. The VMAT provided better OAR sparing and significant reduction of MUs in comparison to IMRT.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14341_85a7265f608147dcb50f737cef6b2976.pdf
2020-11-01
374
379
10.22038/ijmp.2019.42941.1652
Rectal Cancer
VMAT
Intensity Modulated Dosimetry
Comparison
Eman
Eldebawy
emaneldebawy@yahoo.com
1
Consultant of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University, Egypt King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
Yasser
Rashed
yassera.rashed@kfsh.med.sa
2
Assistant Professor of medical physics, Faculty of Medicine, Menofiya University, Egypt Consultant of radiation oncology Physics, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
Mashaal
AlKhaldi
mashaalq.khaldi@kfsh.med.sa
3
Medical Physicist (Radiation Oncology Physics),Radiation Oncology Department, Medical Physics Unit, King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
AUTHOR
Emma
Day
emmaday85@gmail.com
4
Radiation Therapist,King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Lee EH, Lee HY, Choi KS, Jun JK, Park EC, Lee JS. Trends in cancer screening rates among Korean men and women: results from the Korean National Cancer Screening Survey (KNCSS), 2004–2010. Cancer Res Treat. 2011; 43(3):141–7.
1
Arnold M, Sierra MS, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, Bray, F. Global patterns and trends in colorectal cancer incidence and mortality. Gut. 2017; 66:683-91.
2
Sauer R, Becker H, Hohenberger W, Rodel C, Wittekind C, Fietkau R, et al. Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. N. Engl J Med. 2004; 351:1731–40.
3
Mok H, Crane CH, Palmer MB, Briere TM, Beddar S, Delclos ME, et al. Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT): differences in target volumes and improvement in clinically relevant doses to small bowel in rectal carcinoma. Radiat Oncol. 2011; 6:63.
4
Zhao J, Hu W, Cai G, Wang J, Xie J, Peng, J et al. Dosimetric comparisons of VMAT, IMRT and 3DCRT for locally advanced rectal cancer with simultaneous integrated boost. Oncotarget. 2016;7(5):6345-51.
5
Ng SY, Colborn KL, Cambridge L, Hajj C, Yang TJ, Wu AJ, et al. Acute toxicity with intensity modulated radiotherapy versus 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy during preoperative chemoradiation for locally advanced rectal cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2016;121:252-7.
6
Samuelian JM, Callister MD, Ashman JB, Young-Fadok TM, Borad MJ, Gunderson MD. Reduced acute bowel toxicity in patients treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy for rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2012; 82(5):1981-7.
7
Wang JF, Li H, Xiong H, Huang H, Zou YM. Influence of position and radiation technique on organs at risk in radiotherapy of rectal cancer. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2016;36(5):741-6.
8
Shang J, Kong W, Wang YY, Ding Z, Yan G, Zhe H. VMAT planning study inrectal cancer patients. Radiat Oncol. 2014; 9:219.
9
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10
Dröge LH, Weber HE, Guhlich M, Leu M, Conradi LC, Gaedcke J, et al. Reduced toxicity in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: a comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy and 3D conformal radiotherapy. BMC Cancer. 2015;15;750-8.
11
Duthoy W, De Gersem W, Vergote K, Boterberg K, Derie C, Smeets P, et al. Clinical implementation of intensity modulated arc therapy (IMAT) for rectal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004; 60:794–806.
12
Cilla S, Caravatta L, Picardi V, Sabatino D, Machhia G, Digesu C, et al. Volumetric modulated arc therapy with simultaneous integrated boost for locally advanced rectal cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2012; 24(4):261–8.
13
Richetti A, Fogliata A, Clivio A, Nicolini G, Pesce G, Salati E, et al. Neo-adjuvant chemo-radiation of rectal cancer with volumetric modulated arc therapy: summary of technical and dosimetric features and early clinical experience. Radiat Oncol. 2010; 5:14.
14
Baglan KL, Frazier RC, Yan D, Huang RR, Martinez AA, Robertson JM. The dose-volume relationship of acute small bowel toxicity from concurrent 5-FU-based chemotherapy and radiation therapy for rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2002; 52:176–83.
15
Tho LM, Glegg M, Paterson J, Yap C, Macleod A, McCabe M, et al. Acute small bowel toxicity and preoperative chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer: investigating dose-volume relationships and role for inverse planning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2006; 66: 505–13.
16
Robertson JM, Lockman D, Yan D, Wallace M. The dose-volume relationship of small bowel irradiation and acute grade 3 diarrhea during chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2008; 70:413–18.
17
Wolff HA, Wagner DM, Conradi LC, Nennies S, Ghadimi M, Hess CF, et al. Irradiation with protons for the individualized treatment of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: A planning study with clinical implications. Radiother Oncol. 2012; 102:30–7.
18
Myerson RJ, Garofalo MC, El Naqa I, Abrams RA, Apte A, Bosch WR, et al. Elective clinical target volumes for conformal therapy in anorectal cancer: a radiation therapy oncology group consensus panel contouring atlas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2009; 74(3):824–30.
19
Verellen D, De Ridder M, Storme G. A (short) history of image-guided radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol. 2008; 86:4–13.
20
Verellen D, Ridder MD, Linthout N, Tournel K, Soete G, Storme G. Innovations in image-guided radiotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2007; 7:949–60.
21
Wang JZ, Li XA, D’Souza WD, Stewart RD. Impact of prolonged fraction delivery times on tumour control: a note of caution for intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2003; 57:543–52.
22
Withers HR, Taylor JM, Maciejewski B. The hazard of accelerated tumour clonogen repopulation during radiotherapy. Acta Oncol. 1988; 27:131–46.
23
Bese NS, Hendry J, Jeremic B. Effects of prolongation of overall treatment time due to unplanned interruptions during radiotherapy of different tumour sites and practical methods for compensation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007; 68:654–61.
24
Zhang P, Happersett L, Hunt M, Jackson A, Zelefsky M, Mageras G. Volumetric modulated arc therapy: planning and evaluation for prostate cancer cases. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2010; 76:1456–62.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Validation of Motorized Wedge Effective Isodose Angle with a 2D Array Detector
Introduction: Elekta Versa HD linear accelerator is equipped with a universal wedge filter which is a single large physical wedge driven by motors; in other words, motorized wedge. It provides a nominal wedge isodose angle of 60° for the field size of 30×40 sq. cm. Motorized wedge isodose distribution generated is a combination of open and wedged beam segments. With this background in mind, the present study aimed to validate the planned wedge effective isodose angle. Material and Methods: The current study validated the planned wedge effective isodose angle for 15°, 30°, 45°, and 60° with 6MV and 15MV for 10x10 sq. cm and 20x20 sq. cm field size. To this end, an analytical formula was applied against a 2D array detector using PTW MultiCheck software. Results: As illustrated by the obtained results, the calculated, measured, and planned wedge effective isodose angle in this work represented a maximum deviation from its pre-set angle (a nominal wedge angle) of 9° for a 6MV photon energy and 5° for 15MV for field sizes of 10×10 sq. cm and 20×20 sq. cm. Conclusion: In the present study, we validated the planned wedge effective isodose angle for field sizes of 10x10sq. cm and 20x20sq. cm for 6MV and 15MV photon energies using an analytical method and 2D array detector with a reasonable agreement.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14115_e2691752b4ec2f58c6a1ebdc182d2163.pdf
2020-11-01
380
385
10.22038/ijmp.2019.38832.1508
X
rays Radiometry Particle Accelerators Quality Control Radiotherapy Planning Computer
Assisted
Jaimin
Samabhai Gamit
gamitjaimin@gmail.com
1
MSc. Student of Medical Radiation Physics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
shreekripa
Rao
shreekripa.rao@manipal.edu
2
MSc. in Medical Radiation Physics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Jyothi
Nagesh
jyothi.nagesh@manipal.edu
3
MSc. in Medical Radiation Physics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Sarath
S.Nair
sarath.shyan@manipal.edu
4
MSc. in Medical Radiation Physics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Shambhavi
Charan
shambhavi.c@manipal.edu
5
MSc. in Medical Radiation Physics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Rechal
Nisha Dsouza
rechal.nisha@manipal.edu
6
MSc. in Medical Radiation Physics, School of Allied Health Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Krishan
Sharan
tk.sharan@manipal.edu
7
MD Radiotherapy, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
AUTHOR
Srinidhi
Chandraguthi
shrinidhi.gc@manipal.edu
8
M.Sc. in Physics and post M.Sc Diploma in Radiological Physics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
LEAD_AUTHOR
Behjati M, Sohrabpour M, Shirmardi S, Bouzarjomehri F, Shirazi M. Dosimetric verification of the Elekta motorized wedge. J Paramed Sci. 2018; 9(3):32-41.
1
Dawod T. Treatment planning validation for symmetric and asymmetric motorized wedged fields. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol. 2015; 3(1): 030118.
2
Kinhikar R, Sharma S, Upreti R, Tambe C, Deshpande D. Characterizing and configuring motorized wedge for a new generation telecobalt machine in a treatment planning system. J Med Phys. 2007; 32(1):29.
3
Kumar R, Kar D, Sharma S, Mayya Y. Design, implementation, and validation of a motorized wedge filter for a telecobalt machine (Bhabhatron-II). Phys Med. 2012; 28(1):54-60.
4
Van der Laarse R, van Overbeek P, Strackee J. Wedge Filters for megavoltage roentgen ray beams. Acta Radiol Oncol. 1984; 23(6):477-84.
5
Large field auto wedge functional description, Elekta Oncology Systems Ltd. Crawley: Fleming Way; 2010.
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Mansfield C, Suntharalingam N, Chow M. Experimental verification of a method for varying the effective angle of wedge filters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1974; 120(3):699-702.
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Abrath FG, Purdy JA. Wedge design and dosimetry for 25MV X-rays. Radiology 1980; 136:757-62.
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Petti P, Siddon R. Effective wedge angles with a universal wedge. Phys Med Biol. 1985; 30(9):985-91.
9
Saw CB, Pawlicki T, Wu A, Ayyangar K. Validity of universal wedge equation over the range of 60 cobalt to 25 MV photon beam energies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1994; 28(4):979-83.
10
Van Dyk J, Barnett RB, Cygler JE, Shragge PC. Commissioning and quality assurance of treatment planning computers. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1993; 26(2):261-73.
11
Klein E, Hanley J, Bayouth J, Yin F, Simon W, Dresser S, et al. Task Group 142 report: Quality assurance of medical accelerators. Medical Physics. 2009. 36(9Part1): 4197-212.
12
Farhood B, Bahreyni Toossi MT, Soleymanifard S. Assessment of dose calculation accuracy of Tigrt treatment planning system for physical wedged fields in radiotherapy. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2016.13 (3):146-53.
13
Mohammadkarim A, Nedaie HA, Allahverdi M, Esfehani M, Shirazi A, Geraily G. Experimental evaluation of depth dose by exit surface diode dosimeters for off-axis wedged fields in Radiation Therapy. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2015. 12(4):262-70.
14
Ahmad M, Hussain A, Muhammad W, Rizvi SQ. Studying wedge factors and beam profiles for physical and enhanced dynamic wedges. J Med Phys. 2010; 35(1):33.
15
Zhang F, Suh KJ, Lee KM. Validity of intraoral scans compared with plaster models: an in-vivo comparison of dental measurements and 3D surface analysis. PloS one. 2016; 11(6):e0157713.
16
Saminathan S, Manickam R, Supe S. Comparison of dosimetric characteristics of physical and enhanced dynamic wedges. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2012; 17(1):4-12.
17
Khan FM, Gibbons JP. Khan's the Physics of Radiation Therapy (5th Edition). 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: LWW (PE); 2014.
18
Ramya B, Srinidhi GC, Aswathi R, Vincent J, Solomon JG, Vidyasagar MS. Clinical implementation of Elekta's motorized wedge system. In International conference on Medical Physics and twenty ninth annual conference of Association of Medical Physicists of India: souvenir and book of abstracts. 2008; 76-7.
19
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of Multi-criteria Optimization on 6-MV Flattening Filter-Free Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy for Craniospinal Irradiation
Introduction: Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) is an advanced technique used for radiotherapy treatment using different optimization modes. The present study aimed to evaluate Multi-criteria Optimization (MCO) influence on VMAT for Craniospinal Irradiation. Material and Methods: Fifteen CSI patients treated with 23.4 Gy/13 fractions followed by a boost dose of 6-MV flattening filter-free beams were chosen for this study. Conventional VMAT (c-VMAT) plans were generated for Elekta Versa HD™ linear accelerator. Keeping all other parameters constant, c-VMAT plans combined with MCO (MCO-VMAT) were created for comparison. We compared homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), planning target volume (PTV) dose coverage (D98%), organ at risk (OAR) dose, normal tissue integral dose (NTID), volume receiving ≥ 5 Gy and ≥ 10 Gy by normal tissue, delivery time (DT), monitor units (MUs), and calculation time (CT). Results: Our findings demonstrated that HI and CI improved slightly in MCO-VMAT, in comparison with c-VMAT (P>0.05). No significant dose difference was observed in D98% for PTV and volume receiving the dose of ≥ 5 Gy, ≥ 10 Gy, and NTID (P>0.05). A slight increase was found in maximum dose to PTV in VMAT-MCO, compared to c-VMAT (P>0.05). The mean dose, max dose, and dose received by OAR were significantly lower in VMAT-MCO as compared to c-VMAT (p <0.05). The MU, CT, and DT were noticed to be lower in c-VMAT than MCO-VMAT (P>0.05). Conclusion: The MCO-VMAT can be used for CSI, without compromising target coverage, reduced OAR dose by accepting a slight increase of MUs, delivery and calculation time as compare to c-VMAT.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14353_2e61aeb4f2cbd4a7c1ddcf6a16f2413c.pdf
2020-11-01
386
393
10.22038/ijmp.2019.43270.1655
Craniospinal Irradiation Monaco™ Multi
Criteria Optimization Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy
Mohandass
P
kpmds03@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Arts, Media, and Management, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
LEAD_AUTHOR
KHANNA
D
davidkhanna@karunya.edu
2
Department of Physics, School of Sciences, Arts, Media, and Management, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India
AUTHOR
Selvaganapathi
A
selvaganapathi717@gmail.com
3
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Nishaanth
B
nishmedphy12@gmail.com
4
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Saravanan
C
saravannanbsc@gmail.com
5
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Thiyagaraj
T
thiyagumedphy33@gmail.com
6
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Narendra Kumar
Bhalla
narendra.bhalla@fortishealthcare.com
7
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
a
Puri
abhishek.puri@fortishealthcare.com
8
Department of Radiation Oncology, Fortis Cancer Institute, Fortis Hospital, Mohali, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Blessy
M
blessymohandass@gmail.com
9
Chitkara School of Health Sciences, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
AUTHOR
Packer R, Gajjar A, Vezina G, Rorke-Adams L, Burger P, Robertson P, et al. Phase III Study of Craniospinal Radiation Therapy Followed by Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Newly Diagnosed Average-Risk Medulloblastoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 2006; 24(25):4202-8.
1
Lee Y, Brooks C, Bedford J, Warrington A, Saran F. Development and Evaluation of Multiple Isocentric Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy Technique for Craniospinal Axis Radiotherapy Planning. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2012; 82(2):1006-12.
2
Sarkar B, Pradhan A. Choice of appropriate beam model and gantry rotational angle for low-dose gradient-based craniospinal irradiation using volumetric-modulated arc therapy. Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice. 2016; 16(01):53-64.
3
Fogliata A, Bergström S, Cafaro I, Clivio A, Cozzi L, Dipasquale G, et al. Cranio-spinal irradiation with volumetric modulated arc therapy: A multi-institutional treatment experience. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2011; 99(1):79-85.
4
Craft D, Hong T, Shih H, Bortfeld T. Improved Planning Time and Plan Quality Through Multicriteria Optimization for Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2012; 82(1): 83-90.
5
McGarry C, Bokrantz R, O’Sullivan J, Hounsell A. Advantages and limitations of navigation-based multicriteria optimization (MCO) for localized prostate cancer IMRT planning. Medical Dosimetry. 2014; 39(3):205-11.
6
ICRU. Report 83 prescribing, recording, and reporting photon-beam intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements; 2010.
7
Clements M, Schupp N, Tattersall M, Brown A, Larson R. Monaco treatment planning system tools and optimization processes. Medical Dosimetry. 2018; 43(2):106-17.
8
Monaco training guide. Sweden: Elekta AB, Stockholm: Impac Medical Systems Inc.; 2013.16
9
Palanisamy M, David K, Durai M, Bhalla N, Puri A. Dosimetric impact of statistical uncertainty on Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithm in volumetric modulated arc therapy using Monaco TPS for three different clinical cases. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy. 2019; 24 (2):188-99.
10
Mohandass P, Khanna D, Manigandan D, Bhalla NK, Puri A. Validation of a software upgrade in a monte carlo treatment planning system by comparison of plans in different versions. J Med Phys. 2018; 43:93-9.
11
Aoyama H, Westerly DC, Mackie TR, Olivera GH, Bentzen SM, Patel RR, et al. Integral radiation dose to normal structures with conformal external beam radiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;64(3):962–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2005.11.005.19.
12
Studenski M, Shen X, Yu Y, Xiao Y, Shi W, Biswas T, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy and volumetric-modulated arc therapy for adult craniospinal irradiation—A comparison with traditional techniques. Medical Dosimetry. 2013; 38(1):48-54.
13
Miralbell R, Lomax A, Cella L, Schneider U. Potential reduction of the incidence of radiation-induced second cancers by using proton beams in the treatment of pediatric tumors. International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 2002; 54(3):824-9.
14
Tatcher M, Glicksman A. Field matching in craniospinal irradiation. The British Journal of Radiology. 1995; 68(810):670.
15
Srivastava R, Saini G, Sharma P, Chomal M, Aagarwal A, Nangia S, et al. A technique to reduce low dose region for craniospinal irradiation (CSI) with RapidArc and its dosimetric comparison with 3D conformal technique (3DCRT). Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2015; 11(2):488.
16
Myers P, Stathakis S, Gutiérrez A, Esquivel C, Mavroidis P, Papanikolaou N. Dosimetric Comparison of Craniospinal Axis Irradiation (CSI) Treatments Using Helical Tomotherapy, SmartarcTM, and 3D Conventional Radiation Therapy. International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology. 2013; 02(01):30-8.
17
Nguyen D, Sporea C, Largeron G, Josserand-Petri F, Khodri M. Comparison between multi-criteria optimization (MCO) (Raystation®) and Progressive Resolution Optimizer (PRO) (Eclipse®) for the dosimetry of breast cancer with prophylactic nodal irradiation treated with volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT). Physica Medica. 2016; 32:356-7.
18
Zieminski S, Khandekar M, Wang Y. Assessment of multi-criteria optimization (MCO) for volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) in hippocampal avoidance whole brain radiation therapy (HA-WBRT). Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2018; 19(2):184-90.
19
Wala J, Craft D, Paly J, Zietman A, Efstathiou J. Maximizing dosimetric benefits of IMRT in the treatment of localized prostate cancer through multicriteria optimization planning. Medical Dosimetry. 2013; 38(3):298-303.
20
Ghandour S, Matzinger O, Pachoud M. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy planning using multicriteria optimization for localized prostate cancer. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2015; 16(3):258-69.
21
Kierkels R, Visser R, Bijl H, Langendijk J, Vant Veld A, Steenbakkers R, et al. Multicriteria optimization enables less experienced planners to efficiently produce high quality treatment plans in head and neck cancer radiotherapy. Radiation Oncology. 2015; 10(1): 87.
22
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Specific Activity and Radiation Hazard of Radionuclides in Wheat and Bean Produced Near Shazand, Iran
Introduction: Radionuclides found in foods are harmful to human health. Wheat and bean are among the most important food ingredients in the world. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the specific activity of natural radionuclides in wheat and bean produced near the refinery complex plant. Material and Methods: In order to determine the specific activity of radionuclides, the gamma-ray spectrometry method was used employing a high-purity germanium detector with a relative efficiency of 80%. Results: Our findings showed that the specific activity of the 226Ra isotope of radium had the ranges 232Th isotope of thorium was in the range of not detected (ND)-4.09 and ND-3.62 Bq/kg with the mean values of 2.19 and 2.69 Bq/kg for wheat and bean samples, respectively.The specific activity of the 40K isotope of potassium was obtained as 103.19-168.94 and 129.22-568.98 Bq/kg with the mean values of 142.21 and 458.37 Bq/kg for wheat and bean samples, respectively. The annual effective dose for wheat and bean intake was 0.11-0.52 and 0.02-0.18 mSv, respectively. Furthermore, the mean of excess lifetime cancer risk for wheat and bean samples was calculated as 1.06×10-3 and 0.11×10-3, respectively. The latter values are lower than the world average for bean samples. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the radiological parameters of wheat were higher than the global average and reference value, which may be due to ash dispersion in this area. For bean, these parameters were lower than the mean value. As a result, it could be concluded that bean is not considered as a threat to consumer health.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14446_d6f970771a036ae19b9ef6f00837d267.pdf
2020-11-01
394
400
10.22038/ijmp.2020.44031.1668
Dosage ELCR
Radiation
Specific activity
Monire
Mohebian
mohebian5@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
AUTHOR
Reza
Pourimani
r-pourimani@araku.ac.ir
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Jakob Skoet. Investing in agriculture for a better future. Available from: http://www.fao.org/publications/sofa/2012/en.
1
Al-Hamidawi AAA. NORM in Instant Noodles )Indomie) Sold in Iraq. Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 2015; 2: 1-4.
2
Alsaffar MS, Jaafar MS, Kabir NA, Ahmad N. Distribution of226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in rice plant components and physico-chemical effects of soil on their transportation to grains. Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences. 2015; 8: 10-300.
3
Poursharif Z, Ebrahiminia A, Asadinezhad M, Nickfarjam A, Haeri A, Khoshgard K. Determination of Radionuclide Concentrations in Tea Samples Cultivated in Guilan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics, 2015;12(4): 271-7.
4
Alshahri F, Alqahtani M . Chemical Fertilizers as a Source of 238U,40K, 226Ra, 222Rn and Trace Metal Pollutant of the Environment in Saudi Arabia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 2015; 22: 8339-43.
5
Kant K, Gupta R, Kumari R, Gupta N, Garg M. Natural radioactivity in Indian vegetation samples. International Journal of Radiation Research. 2015; 13: 143-50.
6
United Nation Scientific Committee on The Effect of Atomic Radiation. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Sources and effects of ionizing Radiation, Report to The general assembly. 2000.
7
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources. Effects and risks of ionizing radiation. Report to the General Assembly. 2008.
8
Eisenbud M, Gesell T. Environmental Radioactivity from Natural Industrial and Military Sources. 4thed., Academic Press an Imprint of Elsevier.1997.
9
Akhter P, Rahman K, Orfi SD, Ahmad N. Radiological impact of dietary intake of naturally occurring radionuclides on Pakistani adults. Food and Chemical Toxicology.2007; 45: 272-7.
10
Gilmore G, Hemingway J. Practical gamma ray spectrometry, John Willey and Sons. Inc, Chichester, West Sussex, UK. 2008.
11
Kabir KA, Islam SMA, Rahman MM. Distribution of radionuclides in surface soil and bottom sediment in the district of Jessore, Bangladesh and evaluation of radiation hazard. Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences. 2009; 33(1): 117-30.
12
Pouimani R, Mortazavi Shahroodi M. Radiological Assessment of the Artifical and Natural Radionuclide Concentration of Wheat and Bean in Karbala,Iraq. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 126-31.
13
IAEA- TECDOC- 1360. Collection and Preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace element. International Atomic Energy Agency. VIENNA. 2003.
14
Fireston BR, Shirley SV, Baglin MC, Frank Chu SY, Zipkin J. The 8 Edition of Table of Isotopes. 1996.
15
Nahar A, Asaduzzaman K, Islam MM, Rahman MM, Begum M. Assessment of natural radioactivity in rice and their associated population dose estimation. Journal of radiation effects & detects in solid in solids. 2018; 173: 1105–11.
16
Life Expectancy for Countries. available from https://www.infoplease.com/world/health-and-social-statistics/life-expectancy-countries-2017.
17
Valentin J. ICRP Publication 103, The Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Published by Elsevier. 2007.
18
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency). Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards. IAEA Safety standards series no GSR Part 3 (Interim), 2011; TI/PUB/1531: 190–219.
19
Pawel DJ, Leggett RW, Eckerman KF, Nelson CB. Uncertainties in cancer risk coefficients for environmental exposure to radionuclides. ORNL/TM-2006/583, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN. 2007.
20
Changizi V, Shafiei E, Zareh MR. Measurement of 226Ra,232Th, 137Cs and 40K activities of Wheat and Corn Products in Ilam Province – Iran and Resultant Annual Ingestion Radiation Dose. Iranian J Publ Health. 2013; 42(8): 903-14.
21
Banzi F, Msaki P, Mohammed N. Assessment of radioactivity of 226 Ra, 232Th and 40K in soil and plants for estimation of transfer factors and effective dose around Mkuju river project, Tanzania . Mining of Mineral Deposits. 2017; 11(3): 93-100.
22
Hosseini T, Fathivand AA, Barati H, Karimi M. Assessment of radionuclides in imported foodstuffs in Iran. Iran. J. Radiat. Res. 2006; 4 (3): 149-53.
23
Pourimani R, Asadpour F. Determination of Specific Activities of Radionuclides in Soil and Their Transfer Factor from Soil to Bean and Calculation of Cancer Risk for Bean Consumption in Iran. Arak Medical University Journal (AMUJ).2016; 19(107): 9-18.
24
Hemada HEF. Radioactivity levels of basic foodstuffs and dose estimates in Sudan [PhD thesis]. Sudan Academy of Sciences, SAS Atomic Energy Council, 2009.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy for Breast Cancer during Pregnancy: A Feasibility Study
Introduction: the present study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) for breast cancer (BC) incidence during pregnancy. Material and Methods: Computational models of pregnant women at 3- and 6- month gestational ages were used with two different simulated tumors in their left breasts. The Monte Carlo simulation of tumor irradiation by thermal and epithermal output beams of in-hospital neutron irradiator was performed in five directions. The optimum treatment plans as a combination of the irradiation directions and output beams were then assessed using an optimization code. Results: Based on the findings of the present study, the total irradiation time of ≤ 10 min was needed to deliver a prescribed dose of RX = 24.4 Gy-Eq to gross tumor volume (GTV) in a BNCT single fraction. The dosimetric properties and volume metrics of the optimized treatment plans were obtained and the dose-volume histogram (DVH)-based metrics, were compared to those from conventional radiotherapy. It has been shown that the dose to both target volume and organs at risk (OARs) were within clinically acceptable dose constraints throughout the course of a single- fraction BNCT. Moreover, the fetal dose (~4.8 mGy-Eq) was well below the threshold for secondary cancer incidence (10 mGy) in the first trimester of pregnancy, while for the second trimester of pregnancy, it was much higher (~35.5 mGy-Eq). Conclusion: Regarding the DVH metrics for GTV, maternal OARs, and the fetus, the studied treatment modality was an appropriate alternative treatment, especially for BC incidence in the first trimester of pregnancy.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14342_f12db2cc70026525efcf96d87138aba0.pdf
2020-11-01
401
409
10.22038/ijmp.2019.42755.1639
Boron neutron capture therapy
Breast Cancer
pregnancy
Yasaman
Rezaei Moghaddam
ivnaarg@yahoo.com
1
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Laleh
Rafat Motavalli
rafat@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir
2
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Seyed Hashem
Miri-Hakimabad
mirihakim@um.ac.ir
3
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Elie
Hoseinian-Azghadi
el.hoseinian@mail.um.ac.ir
4
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Amant F, Deckers S, Van Calsteren K, Loibl S, Halaska M, Brepoels L, et al. Breast cancer in pregnancy: recommendations of an international consensus meeting. European journal of cancer. 2010; 46(18):3158-68.
1
Krishna I, Lindsay M. Breast cancer in pregnancy. Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics. 2013; 40 (3):559-71
2
Riet FG, Fayard F, Arriagada R, Santos MA, Bourgier C, Ferchiou M, et al. Preoperative radiotherapy in breast cancer patients: 32 years of follow-up. European Journal of Cancer. 2017; 76:45-51.
3
Coles CE, Fourquet A, Poortmans P. Preoperative radiation therapy: The ‘new’targeted breast cancer treatment?. European Journal of Cancer. 2017; 78:116-7.
4
Scotti V, Desideri I, Meattini I, Di Cataldo V, Cecchini S, Petrucci A, et al. Management of inflammatory breast cancer: focus on radiotherapy with an evidence-based approach. Cancer treatment reviews. 2013; 39(2):119-24.
5
Pavlidis N, Pentheroudakis G. The pregnant mother with breast cancer: diagnostic and therapeutic management. Cancer treatment reviews. 2005; 31(6):439-47.
6
Mirzaei D, Miri-Hakimabad H, Rafat-Motavalli L. Depth dose evaluation for prostate cancer treatment using boron neutron capture therapy. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2014; 302 (3):1095-101.
7
Weldy JB, Brenizer JS. Computational Dosimetry of BNCT for Breast Cancer Treatment. InCancer Neutron Capture Therapy. Springer, Boston, MA. 1996;501-9.
8
Mundy DW, Harb W, Jevremovic T. Radiation binary targeted therapy for HER-2 positive breast cancers: assumptions, theoretical assessment and future directions. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2006; 51(6):1377.
9
Gonçalves-Carralves MLS, Jevremovic T. Numerical assessment of radiation binary targeted therapy for HER-2 positive breast cancers: advanced calculations and radiation dosimetry. Physics in medicine and biology. 2007; 52 (14):4245.
10
Gadan MA, González SJ, Batalla M, Olivera MS, Policastro L, Sztejnberg ML. Application of BNCT to the treatment of HER2+ breast cancer recurrences: Research and developments in Argentina. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2015; 104:155-9.
11
Hoseinian-Azghadi E, Rafat-Motavalli L, Miri-Hakimabad H. Development of a 9-month pregnant hybrid phantom and its internal dosimetry for thyroid agents. Journal of radiation research. 2014; 55 (4):730-47.
12
Motavalli LR, Hakimabad HM, Azghadi EH. Fetal and maternal dose assessment for diagnostic scans during pregnancy. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2016; 61 (9):3596.
13
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Ancel PY, Goffinet F, Kuhn P, Langer B, Matis J, Hernandorena Xet al. Survival and morbidity of preterm children born at 22 through 34 weeks’ gestation in France in 2011: results of the EPIPAGE-2 cohort study. JAMA pediatrics. 2015;169(3):230-8.
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Aljarrah A, Miller WR. Trends in the distribution of breast cancer over time in the southeast of Scotland and review of the literature. ecancermedicalscience. 2014;8.
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Sauerwein WA, Wittig A, Moss R, Nakagawa Y, editors. Neutron capture therapy: principles and applications. Springer Science & Business Media. 2012.
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Coderre JA, Makar MS, Micca PL, Nawrocky MM, Liu HB, Joel DD, et al. Derivations of relative biological effectiveness for the high-LET radiations produced during boron neutron capture irradiations of the 9L rat gliosarcoma in vitro and in vivo. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 1993;27(5):1121-9.
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Rassow J, Sauerwein W, Wittig A, Bourhis‐Martin E, Hideghéty K, Moss R. Advantage and limitations of weighting factors and weighted dose quantities and their units in boron neutron capture therapy. Medical Physics. 2004;31(5):1128-34.
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Khan AJ, Stewart A, Dale R. The Radiobiology of Breast Radiotherapy. InShort Course Breast Radiotherapy. Springer, Cham. 2016; 39-52.
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Emami B. Tolerance of normal tissue to therapeutic radiation. Reports of radiotherapy and Oncology. 2013; 1 (1).
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Loibl S, Schmidt A, Gentilini O, Kaufman B, Kuhl C, Denkert C, et al. Breast cancer diagnosed during pregnancy: adapting recent advances in breast cancer care for pregnant patients. JAMA oncology. 2015;1(8):1145-53.
27
Barnes DM, Newman LA. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: a literature review. Surgical Clinics of North America. 2007; 87(2):417-30.
28
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Validation of Monte Carlo Model for Dose Evaluation outside the Treatment Field for Siemens 6MV Beam
Introduction: There has been a concern about the unintended doses to critical structures outside the treatment field due to the increased risk of radiation-induced second cancer following radiotherapy treatments. Today, Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is considered the most accurate method for dose calculations in different domains of medical physics. Material and Methods: The Geant4 Application for Tomographic Emission (GATE) code was used to create an MC model of 6MV Siemens Primus linac. Measurements were taken in a water phantom using an ion chamber to validate the MC model. Dose profiles outside the treatment field at 1.5 (dmax), 5.0 and10.0 cm depths for field sizes from 5×5 to 20×20 cm2 were measured in the present study. Out-of-field percentage depth dose (PDD) curves at 0.0, 5.0, and 7.5 cm off axis for field size 10×10 cm2 were investigated for both measurements and simulation. However out-of-field PDDs from 10 to 15 cm off axis for field size 10×10 cm2 were studied only by simulation. Results: The comparisons showed agreement between the measured and simulated doses for the out-of-field profiles along the in-plane direction for all considered field sizes and depths, as well as for the PDDs at 0.0 and 5.0 cm off axis, but with less agreement at 7.5 cm off axis. All the simulated out-of-field PDDs at distances ≥ 10 cm off axis had similar trend shapes. Conclusion: The developed MC model is considered a good representation of 6 MV Siemens Primus linac for the out-of-field dose calculation in lieu of measurements.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14277_0420d98ea83d3724fbf4c94cd0e9ef4a.pdf
2020-11-01
410
420
10.22038/ijmp.2019.42881.1646
Out
of
Field Dose Monte Carlo Method Linear Accelerator Radiotherapy
Sinousy
Mohamed Sinousy
dinamohamed201@gmail.com
1
Mit Ghamr Oncology Center,Egypt
LEAD_AUTHOR
Attalla
Marouf Attalla
attalla.ehab@gmail.com
2
National Cancer Institute; Cairo University; Egypt
AUTHOR
Ibrahim
Hassan Fathy
hfibrahim@gmail.com
3
Faculty of Science; Physics Department; Cairo University; Egypt
AUTHOR
Elhussiny
Fathi Ahmed
fathi_elhussiny@yahoo.com
4
Faculty of Science; Physics Department; Tanta University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Elmekawy
Ahmed Farouk
ahmed.elmakawi@science.tanta.edu.eg
5
Faculty of Science; Physics Department; Tanta University, Egypt
AUTHOR
Xu X , Bednarz B, Paganetti H. A review of dosimetry studies on external-beam radiation treatment with respect to second cancer induction. Physics in Medicine & Biology.2008; 53(13):R193.
1
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2
Wilde G , Sjöstrand J. A clinical study of radiation cataract formation in adult life following γ irradiation of the lens in early childhood. British journal of ophthalmology.1997;81(4):261-6.
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Preston DL, Shimizu Y, Pierce DA, Suyama A, Mabuchi K. Studies of mortality of atomic bomb survivors. Report 13: Solid cancer and noncancer disease mortality: 1950–1997. Radiation research. 2003 Oct;160(4):381-407.
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Brenner D, Rochelle E, Eric J, Elaine R . Second malignancies in prostate carcinoma patients after radiotherapy compared with surgery. Cancer: Interdisciplinary International Journal of the American Cancer Society. 2000; 88(2):398-406.
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Elgendy RA , Attia WM , Attalla EM, Elnaggar MA. Influence of Distinct Radiotherapy Techniques to Induce Second Cancer Risks in Left Breast Cancer. Oncology. 2018;7:193-202.
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Sungkoo CH, Seong Hoon KI, Chan Hyeong KI, Jang Guen JH. Secondary cancer risks in out-of-field organs for 3-D conformal radiation therapy. Prog. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 2011; 1:512-24.
7
Chetty IJ, Curran B, Cygler JE, DeMarco JJ, Ezzell G, Faddegon BA, et al. Report of the AAPM Task Group No. 105: Issues associated with clinical implementation of Monte Carlo-based photon and electron external beam treatment planning. Medical physics. 2007;34(12): 4818-53.
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Jabbari K, Anvar H, Tavakoli M, Amouheidari A. Monte carlo simulation of siemens oncor linear accelerator with beamnrc and dosxyZnrc code. Journal of medical signals and sensors. 2013;(3.3):172.
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Bednarz B, Xu X. Monte Carlo modeling of a 6 and 18 MV Varian Clinac medical accelerator for in-field and out-of-field dose calculations: development and validation. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2009;54(4):N43.
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Chiban O, Charlie C. On the discrepancies between Monte Carlo dose calculations and measurements for the Varian photon beam. Medical physics. 2007;34(4):1206-16.
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Kry SF, Titt U, Pönisch F, Followill D, Vassiliev ON, Allen White R, et al. A Monte Carlo model for calculating out-of-field dose from a Varian beam. Medical physics. 2006; 33(11):4405-13.
12
Visvikis D, Bardies M, Chiavassa S, Danford C, Kirov A, Lamare F, et al. Use of the GATE Monte Carlo package for dosimetry applications. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2006;569(2):335-40.
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The Geant4 web site , http://www.opengatecollaboration.org/UsersGuide
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Jan S, Santin G, Strul D, Staelens S, Assie K, Autret D, et al. GATE: a simulation toolkit for PET and SPECT. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2004 Sep 10;49(19):4543.
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De Beenhouwer J, Staelens S, Vandenberghe S, Verhaeghe J, Van Holen R, Rault E, et al. Physics process level discrimination of detections for GATE: assessment of contamination in SPECT and spurious activity in PET. Medical physics. 2009;36(4):1053-60.
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Agostinelli S, Allison J, Amako KA, Apostolakis J, Araujo H, Arce P, et al. Geant4—a simulation toolkit. Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. 2003;506(3):250-303.
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Elles S, Ivanchenko VN, Maire M, Urban L. Geant4 and Fano cavity test: where are we?. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 2008;102(1) 012009.
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Faddegon BA , Asai M, Perl J, Ross C, Sempau J, Tinslay J, etal. Benchmarking of Monte Carlo simulation of bremsstrahlung from thick targets at radiotherapy energies. Medical physics. 2008;35(10):4308-17.
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Kry SF, Titt U, Followill D, Pönisch F, Vassiliev ON, White RA, et al. A Monte Carlo model for out-of-field dose calculation from high-energy photon therapy. Medical physics. 2007;34(9):3489-99.
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Abdelaal AM., Attalla EM, Elshemey WM. Dose estimation outside radiation field using Pinpoint and Semiflex ionization chamber detectors. Radiation Physics and Chemistry. 2017; 139:120-5.
22
Technical Report Series (TRS) No. 398 Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy– An international code of practice for dosimetry based on standards of absorbed dose to water. 2000.
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Ibrahim HF, Fahmy AM, Attalla EM. Assessment of Radiation Doses in A Medical Linear Accelerator Using Simulation Models and Experimental Verification. Isotope and Radiation Research. 2017;49(1):165-78.
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Joosten A, Bochud F, Baechler S, Levi F, Mirimanoff RO, Moeckli R. Variability of a peripheral dose among various linac geometries for second cancer risk assessment. Physics in Medicine & Biology. 2011;56(16):5131.
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Almberg SS, Frengen J, Lindmo T. Monte Carlo study of in‐field and out‐of‐field dose distributions from a linear accelerator operating with and without a flattening‐filter. Medical physics. 2012;39(8):5194-203.
27
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28
Joosten A , Matzinger O, Jeanneret-Sozzi W, Bochud F, Moeckli R. Evaluation of organ-specific peripheral doses after 2-dimensional, 3-dimensional and hybrid intensity modulated radiation therapy for breast cancer based on Monte Carlo and convolution/superposition algorithms: implications for secondary cancer risk assessment. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2013;106(1):33-41.
29
Diallo I, Haddy N, Adjadj E, Samand A, Quiniou E, Chavaudra J, et al. Frequency distribution of second solid cancer locations in relation to the irradiated volume among 115 patients treated for childhood cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2009;74(3):876-83.
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32
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Modified Technique for the Visualization of C6/C7 in Lateral Cervical Spine Radiography
Introduction: In the Swimmer’s view, the C6 and C7 can be visualized as superimposed on the shoulders. This study aimed to explore the technique to demonstrate C1 to C7 in the lateral spine and improve the diagnostic value in that region. Material and Methods: An experimental study was carried out using a RANDO phantom to obtain images of the lateral cervical spine. Twelve radiographs were taken using different kVps at different centering points. The image quality of the radiographs was evaluated by two radiographers using the modified image quality criteria score sheet adapted from the Commission of European Communities on image quality. A dose area product meter was utilized to estimate the entrance surface dose (ESD); however, CALDose_X5 Monte Carlo software was used to estimate the effective dose. Results: The findings indicated that a higher centering point at 2 inches above the pinna of the ear can clearly visualize the lower cervical spine (C6/C7) and cervicothoracic junction (C7/T1). The results of the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant differences (p <0.05) in the image quality at different centering points. However, no significant differences were observed (p >0.05) in the ESD between different utilized centering points. The effective dose of the modified technique was reported to be lower, compared to that for the Swimmer’s view. Conclusion: The modified lateral technique can be used to replace the Swimmer’s view to adequately demonstrate the lower cervical spine and cervicothoracic junction with a lower radiation dose while not harming the patient due to movement during positioning.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_14431_c1ae8f4ccf77daa8bb4c3b0164971946.pdf
2020-11-01
421
427
10.22038/ijmp.2019.42926.1648
Cervical
Image Quality
Radiation Dose
Digital Radiography Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures
Soo-Foon
Moey
moeysf@iium.edu.my
1
Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jln Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Najwa Athirah
Hazri
najwa.ah@live.iium.edu.my
2
Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jln Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
AUTHOR
Norfariha
Che Mohamed
fareehafarry@gmail.com
3
Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiotherapy, Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Jln Sultan Ahmad Shah Bandar Indera Mahkota 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
AUTHOR
Yadollahi M, Paydar S, Ghaem H, Ghorbani M, Mousavi SM, Akerdi AT, et al. Epidemiology of cervical spine fractures. Trauma Monthly. 2016; 21(3): 33608.
1
Sekhon LH, Fehlings MG. Epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2001; 26(24 Suppl): S2-12.
2
Ball C, Watson D. A 12 month clinical audit of cervical spine imaging in multiply injured and intubated patients. Br J Radiol. 2010; 83(987): 257–60.
3
Griffen MM, Frykberg ER, Kerwin AJ, Schinco MA, Tepas JJ, Rowe K, et al. Radiographic clearance of blunt cervical spine injury: Plain radiograph or computed tomography Scan? J Trauma. 2003; 55(2): 222–7.
4
Shrestha S, Maharjan S, Khanal U, Humagain M. Evaluation of image quality in cervical spine lateral radiographs. Journal of Chitwan Medical College. 2016; 6(15): 30–3.
5
Berges M, Perry MJ. Improved lateral cervical spine techniques. 2014. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24614437.
6
Fell M. Cervical spine trauma radiographs: Swimmers and supine obliques; an exploration of current practice. Radiography. 2010; 17(1): 33–8.
7
Goldberg W, Mueller C, Panacek E, Tigges S, Hoffman JR, Mower WR. Distribution and patterns of blunt traumatic cervical spine injury. Ann Emerg Med. 2001; 38(1): 17–21.
8
Sengupta D, Torretti J. Cervical spine trauma. Indian J Orthop. 2007; 41(4): 255.
9
Rethnam U, Yesupalan RSU, Bastawrous SS. The Swimmer’s view: Does it really show what it is supposed to show? A retrospective study. BMC Med Imaging. 2008; 8(1): 2.
10
Meade AD, Dowling A, Walsh C, Malone JF. Draft proposal for three international standards for Dose Area Product (DAP) measurement, patient dose records and connectivity between equipment. DIMOND III, Dublin, Ireland. 2004.
11
Jones AK, Pasciak AS. Erratum: Calculating the peak skin dose resulting from fluoroscopically guided interventions. Part I: Methods. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2017; 15(4): 402.
12
Moey SF, Shazli ZA. Optimization of dose and image quality in full-field digital and computed radiography systems for common digital radiographic examinations. Iran J Med Phys. 2018; 15: 28-38.
13
Bontrager KL, Lampignano JP. Textbook of radiographic positioning and related anatomy. 8th ed. Elsevier: Mosby. 2014.
14
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Application of Patient-Customized Cast Type M3 Wax Bolus using a 3D printing for Photon Beam Radiation Therapy in Patients with Scalp Malignant Tumor
Introduction: We investigated the usefulness of patient-customized cast type M3 wax bolus (MWB) in radiation therapy in scalp malignant tumor patients by 3D conformal radiation therapy (3D CRT) and intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Material and Methods: A helmet-type polylactic acid (PLA) hollow model was fabricated using a 3D Printing, and the molten MWB was poured into the mold and allowed to harden. Subsequently, a solid MWB head cast was obtained by removing the PLA. The radiation volume was verified using a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) dosimeter and EBT3 film. Results: Radiation dose verification was performed at the anterior, right, and left angles of planning tumor volume. The error rate demonstrated a maximum value of 5.5% and an average of 3.3% using the MOSFET dosimeter, and a maximum value of 7.0% and an average of 5.4% applying the EBT3 film. The homogeneity indices of the treatment plans were obtained as 0.09 and 0.12 using 3D CRT and IMRT, respectively. Moreover, the conformity number of the treatment plans was reported as 0.79 using 3D CRT and 0.81 applying IMRT. Conclusion: The density of the MWB head cast was 1.05 g/cm3 which is closer to that of the equivalent tissue than the existing helmet type bolus material. In addition, it reduces the processing time and associated pain during custom manufacturing and has little air gaps. Therefore, it can be considered an effective method for the treatment of patients with scalp malignant tumors.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_13954_7479d6423c8ea0db039af3c8eccc27c1.pdf
2020-11-01
428
434
10.22038/ijmp.2019.40096.1547
Cast Type
3D printing
3D Conformal Radiation Therapy
Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy
Youngjin
Won
radiowon@paik.ac.kr
1
Department of Radiation Oncology, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University 170, Uijeongbu-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
AUTHOR
Junghoon
Kim
medduck@kyuh.ac.kr
2
Department of Radiation Oncology, KonYang University Hospital, 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon, Korea
AUTHOR
Kyungtae
Kwon
ktkwon@dongnam.ac.kr
3
Department of Radiologic Technology, Dongnam Health University, 50, Cheoncheon-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
AUTHOR
sungchul
Kim
ksc@gachon.ac.kr
4
Department of Radiological Science, Gachon University Medical Campus, Hambangmoe-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Korea, 21936
LEAD_AUTHOR
Wojcicka JB, Lasher DE, McAfee SS, Fortier GA. Dosimetric comparison of three different treatment techniques in extensive scalp lesion irradiation. Radiother Oncol. 2009 ;91(2):255-60.
1
Caivano R, Fiorentino A, Pedicini P, Califano G, Fusco V. A radiotherapy technique for palliative total scalp irradiation. Ann Palliat Med. 2015;4(1):35-8.
2
Majithia L, Rong Y, Siddiqui F, Hattie T, Gupta N, Weldon M, et al. Treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with highly irregular surfaces with photon irradiation using rice as tissue compensator. Front Oncol. 2015;5:49. DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00049
3
Sponseller P, Parvathaneni U. A case study of radiotherapy planning for intensity modulation radiation therapy for the whole scalp with matching electron treatment. Med Dosim. 2014;39(1):122-4.
4
Vyas V, Palmer L, Mudge R, Jiang R, Fleck A, Schaly B, et al. On bolus for megavoltage photon and electron radiation therapy. Med Disum. 2013;38(3):268-73.
5
Song JH, Jung JY, Park HW, Lee GW, Chae SM, Kay CS, et al. Dosimetric comparison of three different treatment modalities for total scalp irradiation: the conventional lateral photon-electron technique, helical tomotherapy, and volumetric-modulated arc therapy. J Radiat Res. 2014;56(4):717-26.
6
Zhang RR, Feygelman V, Harris ER, Rao N, Moros EG, Zhang GG. Is wax equivalent to tissue in electron conformal therapy planning? A Monte Carlo study of material approximation introduced dose difference. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2013; 14(1):92-101.
7
Oh SA, Lee CM, Lee MW, Lee YS, Lee GH, Kim SH, et al. Fabrication of a Patient-Customized Helmet with a Three-Dimensional Printer for Radiation Therapy of Scalp. Prog Med Phys. 2017;28(3):100-5.
8
White DR. Tissue substitutes in experimental radiation physics. Med Phys. 1978;5(6):467-79.
9
Salimi M, Abi KST, Nedaie HA, Hassani H, Gharaati H, Samei M, et al. Assessment and Comparison of Homogeneity and Conformity Indexes in Step-and-Shoot and Compensator-Based Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy (3D CRT) in Prostate Cancer. J Med Signals Sens. 2017;7(2):102-7
10
Feuvret L, Noel G, Mazeron JJ, Bey P. Conformity index: a review. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006;64(2):333-42.
11
IAEA TRS-398 (V.12). Absorbed Dose Determination in External Beam Radiotherapy:An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water. 2006.
12
Dreindl R, Georg D, Stock M. Radiochromic film dosimetry: considerations on precision and accuracy for EBT2 and EBT3 type films. Z Med Phys. 2014 ;24(2):153-63.
13
Rudat V, Nour A, Alaradi AA, Mohamed A, Altuwaijri S. In vivo surface dose measurement using GafChromic film dosimetry in breast cancer radiotherapy: comparison of 7-field IMRT, tangential IMRT and tangential 3D-CRT. Radiat Oncol. 2014;15(9):156.
14
Consorti R, Petrucci A, Fortunato F, Soriani A, Marzi S, Iaccarino G, et al. In vivo dosimetry with MOSFETs: dosimetric characterization and first clinical results in intraoperative radiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2005;63(3):952-60.
15
Choi JY, Won YJ, Park JY, Kim JW, Moon BK, Yoon HG, et al. Development of a Thermoplastic Oral Compensator for Improving Dose Uniformity in Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer. Prog Med Phys. 2012;23(4):269-78.
16
Samant RS, Fox GW, Gerig LH, Montgomery LA. Allan DS. Total scalp radiation using image-guided IMRT for progressive cutaneous T cell lymphoma. Br J Radiol. 2009;82(978):122-5.
17
Chen YJ, Liu A, Han C, Tsai PT, Schultheiss TE, Pezner RD, et al. Helical Tomotherapy for Radiotherapy in Esophageal Cancer: A Preferred Plan With Better Conformal Target Coverage and More Homogeneous Dose Distribution. Med Dosim. 2007;32(3):166-71.
18
Fujimoto K, Shiinoki T, Yuasa Y, Hanazawa H, Shibuya K. Efficacy of patient-specific bolus created using three-dimensional printing technique in photon radiotherapy. Phys Med. 2017;38:1-9.
19
Varadhan R, Miller J, Garrity B, Weber M. In vivo prostate IMRT dosimetry with MOSFET detectors using brass buildup caps. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2006;7(4):22-32.
20