ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dosimetric Comparison between Dynamic Wave Arc and Co-Planar Volumetric Modulated Radiotherapy for Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Introduction: Dose reduction to the duodenum is important to decrease gastrointestinal toxicities in patients with locally advanced pancreatic cancer (LAPC) treated with definitive chemoradiotherapy. We aimed to compare dynamic wave arc (DWA), a volumetric-modulated beam delivery technique with simultaneous gantry/ring rotations passing the waved trajectories, with coplanar VMAT (co-VMAT) with respect to dose distributions in LAPC cases.
Material and Methods: DWA and co-VMAT plans were created for 13 patients with LAPC. The prescribed dose was 45.6 or 48 Gy in 15 fractions. The dose volume indices (DVIs) for target volumes and organs at risk were compared between the corresponding plans. Gamma passing rate, monitor unit (MU), and beam-on time were also compared.
Results: DWA significantly reduced the duodenal V39Gy, V42Gy, and V45Gy by 1.1, 0.8, and 0.2 cm3, and increased the liver mean dose and D2cm3 of the spinal cord planning volume by 1.0 and 1.5 Gy, respectively. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the target volumes except for D2% of PTV (111.5% in DWA vs. 110.5% in co-VMAT). Further, the gamma passing rate was similar in both plans. MU and beam-on time increased in DWA by 31 MUs and 15 seconds, respectively.
Conclusion: DWA generated significantly lower duodenal doses in LAPC cases, albeit with slight increasing liver and spinal cord doses and increasing MU and the beam delivery time. Further evaluation is needed to know how the dose differences would affect the clinical outcomes in chemoradiotherapy for LAPC.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_19297_9113e7c888aa1331698d29f0766553c6.pdf
2022-01-01
1
8
10.22038/ijmp.2021.55707.1923
Radiotherapy Planning Computer
Assisted Pancreas Cancer Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy
Alshaymaa
Abdelghaffar
drshaymaa_sharaka@outlook.sa
1
Department of Clinical Oncology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt; and Guest Research Associate, Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Noriko
Kishi
kishin@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
2
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Ryo
Ashida
rash@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
3
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; and Department of Radiation Oncology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
AUTHOR
Yukinori
Matsuo
ymatsuo@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
4
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
LEAD_AUTHOR
Hideaki
Hirashima
hhideaki@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
5
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Nobutaka
Mukumoto
mukumoto@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
6
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Michio
Yoshimura
myossy@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
7
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Mitsuhiro
Nakamura
m_nkmr@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
8
Department of Information Technology and Medical Engineering, Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University; and Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
Ahmed El Sayed
Mohamed
dr_ahmed_sayed76@yahoo.com
9
Department of Clinical Oncology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Elsayed
Mostafa
sayedmostafa07@hotmail.com
10
Department of Clinical Oncology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Mohamed Soliman
Gaber
msoliman@yahoo.com
11
Department of Clinical Oncology, Sohag University Hospital, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt.
AUTHOR
Takashi
Mizowaki
mizo@kuhp.kyoto-u.ac.jp
12
Department of Radiation Oncology and Image-Applied Therapy Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine、Kyoto, Japan.
AUTHOR
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Uto M, Mizowaki T, Ogura K, Hiraoka M. Non-coplanar volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for craniopharyngiomas reduces radiation doses to the bilateral hippocampus: a planning study comparing dynamic conformal arc therapy, coplanar VMAT, and non-coplanar VMAT. Radiat Oncol. 2016;11(1):86.
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Wilson B, Otto K, Gete E. A simple and robust trajectory-based stereotactic radiosurgery treatment. Med Phys. 2017;44(1):240–
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Mizowaki T, Takayama K, Nagano K, Miyabe Y, Matsuo Y, Kaneko S, et al. Feasibility evaluation of a new irradiation technique: three-dimensional unicursal irradiation with the Vero4DRT (MHI-TM2000). J Radiat Res. 2013;54(2):330–
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Burghelea M, Verellen D, Dhont J, Hung C, Gevaert T, Van den Begin R, et al. Treating patients with Dynamic Wave Arc: First clinical experience. Radiother Oncol. 2017;122(3):347–
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Uto M, Mizowaki T, Ogura K, Miyabe Y, Nakamura M, Mukumoto N, et al. Volumetric modulated Dynamic WaveArc therapy reduces the dose to the hippocampus in patients with pituitary adenomas and craniopharyngiomas. Pract Radiat Oncol. 2017;7(6):382–
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Nakamura K, Mizowaki T, Uto M, Mukumoto N, Miyabe Y, Ono T, et al. EP-1553: Dose reduction of femoral heads using volumetric-modulated Dynamic WaveArc for prostate cancer. Radiother Oncol. 2017;123:S836–
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Burghelea M, Verellen D, Poels K, Hung C, Nakamura M, Dhont J, et al. Initial characterization, dosimetric benchmark and performance validation of Dynamic Wave Arc. Radiat Oncol. 2016;11(1):63.
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Nakamura A, Shibuya K, Nakamura M, Matsuo Y, Shiinoki T, Nakata M, et al. Interfractional dose variations in the stomach and the bowels during breathhold intensity-modulated radiotherapy for pancreatic cancer: Implications for a dose-escalation strategy. Med Phys. 2013;40(2):021701.
20
Goto Y, Ashida R, Nakamura A, Itasaka S, Shibuya K, Akimoto M, et al. Clinical results of dynamic tumor tracking intensity-modulated radiotherapy with real-time monitoring for pancreatic cancers using a gimbal mounted linac. Oncotarget. 2018;9(34):23628–
21
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22
Miften M, Olch A, Mihailidis D, Moran J, Pawlicki T, Molineu A, et al. Tolerance limits and methodologies for IMRT measurement-based verification QA: Recommendations of AAPM Task Group No. 218. Med Phys. 2018;45(4):e53–
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Krishnan S, Chadha AS, Suh Y, Chen H-C, Rao A, Das P, et al. Focal Radiation Therapy Dose Escalation Improves Overall Survival in Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer Patients Receiving Induction Chemotherapy and Consolidative Chemoradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2016;94(4):755–
25
Nakamura A, Shibuya K, Matsuo Y, Nakamura M, Shiinoki T, Mizowaki T, et al. Analysis of dosimetric parameters associated with acute gastrointestinal toxicity and upper gastrointestinal bleeding in locally advanced pancreatic cancer patients treated with gemcitabine-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;84(2):369–
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Huang J, Robertson JM, Ye H, Margolis J, Nadeau L, Yan D. Dose-volume analysis of predictors for gastrointestinal toxicity after concurrent full-dose gemcitabine and radiotherapy for locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2012;83(4):1120–
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Kelly P, Das P, Pinnix CC, Beddar S, Briere T, Pham M, et al. Duodenal toxicity after fractionated chemoradiation for unresectable pancreatic cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2013;85(3):e143-9.
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Liu X, Ren G, Li L, Xia T. Predictive dosimetric parameters for gastrointestinal toxicity with hypofractioned radiotherapy in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Onco Targets Ther. 2016;9:2489–
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Badiyan SN, Olsen JR, Lee AY, Yano M, Menias CO, Khwaja S, et al. Induction Chemotherapy Followed by Concurrent Full-dose Gemcitabine and Intensity-modulated Radiation Therapy for Borderline Resectable and Locally Advanced Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016;39(1):1–
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Time-Dependent Induction of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Gene XPA and RAD51 in Homologous Recombination in Human Lymphocytes Exposed to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation
Introduction: The aim of the present study was to understand the effect of low-doses of ionizing radiation (LDIR) on repair genes expression in blood samples that were taken from healthy donors. The next purpose was to examine the time-effect on the modified gene expression caused by low-doses of ionizing radiation.Material and Methods: The RNA of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) taken from four healthy donors was isolated at different time points after exposure including 4, 24, 48, 72, and 168 hours and then cDNA was synthesized. Modification of XPA and RAD51 expression levels due to LDIR (2, 5, 10 cGy) were evaluated by relative quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.Results: Significant up-regulation of both repair genes was observed at the 4 and 168 h following to 10 cGy. Also, this dose could increase expression levels of RAD51 at 48 and 72 h after radiation. For lower doses at 5 cGy, only XPA levels were significantly up-regulated after 168 h. A significant regression was found between the XPA levels and the dose, at 168 h after irradiation to PBLs that can represent a new potential biomarker for biological dosimetry purposes.Conclusion: The results of this study could support the hypothetical role of the different DNA repair pathways in response to LDIR. This led us to propose a molecular biodosimetry method for ionizing radiation in the range of LDIR.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_17590_b0cac4c91f261a2b1fb7c25aac755e1f.pdf
2022-01-01
9
13
10.22038/ijmp.2021.53719.1884
DNA damage
Gene expression
Ionizing radiation
XPA
RAD51
Mohammad Taghi
Bahreyni Toossi
bahreynimt@mums.ac.ir
1
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Sara
Khademi
khademisr@mums.ac.ir
2
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Hosein
Azimian
hosein_azimian@yahoo.com
3
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Nakano T, Xu X, Salem AM, Shoulkamy MI, Ide H. Radiation-induced DNA–protein cross-links: mechanisms and biological significance. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 2017;107:136-45.
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Han W, Yu K. Ionizing radiation, DNA double strand break and mutation. Advances in Genetics research. 2010;4:197-210.
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Ghosh S, Ghosh A. Activation of DNA damage response signaling in mammalian cells by ionizing radiation. Free Radical Research. 2021:1-35.
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Santivasi WL, Xia F. Ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage, response, and repair. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2014;21:251-9.
4
Alonso‐González C, González A, Martínez‐Campa C, Gómez‐Arozamena J, Cos S. Melatonin sensitizes human breast cancer cells to ionizing radiation by downregulating proteins involved in double‐strand DNA break repair. J Pineal Res. 2015;58:189-97.
5
Udayakumar D, Pandita RK, Horikoshi N, Liu Y, Liu Q, Wong K-K, et al. Torin2 suppresses ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage repair. Radiat Res. 2016;185:527-38.
6
Ma X-J, Shang L, Zhang W-M, Wang M-R, Zhan Q-M. Mitotic regulator Nlp interacts with XPA/ERCC1 complexes and regulates nucleotide excision repair (NER) in response to UV radiation. Cancer Lett. 2016;373:214-21.
7
Toossi MTB, Azimian H, Soleymanifard S, Vosoughi H, Dolat E, Rezaei AR, et al. Regulation of XPA could play a role in inhibition of radiation-induced bystander effects in QU-DB cells at high doses. Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2020;16(8):68.
8
Bahreyni-Toossi MT, Vosoughi H, Azimian H, Rezaei AR, Momennezhad M. In vivo exposure effects of 99mTc-methoxyisobutylisonitrile on the FDXR and XPA genes expression in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Asia Oceania Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Biology. 2018;6(1):32.
9
Toprani SM, Das B. Radio-adaptive response of base excision repair genes and proteins in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to gamma radiation. Mutagenesis. 2015;30(5):663-76.
10
Hu L-B, Chen Y, Meng X-D, Yu P, He X, Li J. Nucleotide excision repair factor XPC ameliorates prognosis by increasing the susceptibility of human colorectal cancer to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Frontiers in oncology. 2018;8:290.
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Ensminger M, Löbrich M. One end to rule them all: non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks. The British journal of radiology. 2020;93(1115):20191054.
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Xiang C, Wu X, Zhao Z, Feng X, Bai X, Liu X, et al. Nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination involved in luteolin-induced DNA damage in DT40 cells. Toxicology in Vitro. 2020;65:104825.
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Bahreyni-Toossi M-T, Dolat E, Khanbabaei H, Zafari N, Azimian H. microRNAs: Potential glioblastoma radiosensitizer by targeting radiation-related molecular pathways. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis. 2019;816:111679.
14
Shen W, Ma Y, Qi H, Wang W, He J, Xiao F, et al. Kinetics model of DNA double-strand break repair in eukaryotes. DNA Repair. 2021:103035.
15
Jaafar L, Podolsky RH, Dynan WS. Long-term effects of ionizing radiation on gene expression in a zebrafish model. PloS one. 2013;8(7):e69445.
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Roy L, Gruel G, Vaurijoux A. Cell response to ionising radiation analysed by gene expression patterns. Annali dell'Istituto superiore di sanita. 2009;45:272-7.
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Bahreyni Toossi MT, Najafi Amiri M, Sankian M, Azimian H, Abdollahi Dehkordi S, Khademi S. INF/IL-4 increases after the low doses of gamma radiation in BALB/c spleen lymphocytes. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2019;16(4):264-9.
20
Sabagh M, Chaparian A. Evaluation of Blood Parameters of the Medical Radiation Workers. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2019;16(6):439-43.
21
Cheng G-H, Ning W, Jiang D-F, Hong-Guang Z, Zhang Q, Jian-Feng W, et al. Increased levels of p53 and PARP-1 in EL-4 cells probably related with the immune adaptive response induced by low dose ionizing radiation in vitro. Biomed Environ Sci. 2010;23:487-95.
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Koval L, Proshkina E, Shaposhnikov M, Moskalev A. The role of DNA repair genes in radiation-induced adaptive response in Drosophila melanogaster is differential and conditional. Biogerontology. 2020;21:45-56.
23
Goldberg Z, Schwietert CW, Lehnert B, Stern R, Nami I. Effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on gene expression in human skin biopsies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2004;58:567-74.
24
Grudzenski S, Raths A, Conrad S, Rübe CE, Löbrich M. Inducible response required for repair of low-dose radiation damage in human fibroblasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci 2010;107:14205-10.
25
Knops K, Boldt S, Wolkenhauer O, Kriehuber R. Gene expression in low-and high-dose-irradiated human peripheral blood lymphocytes: possible applications for biodosimetry. Radiat Res. 2012;178(4):304-12.
26
Swartz HM, Williams BB, Flood AB. Overview of the principles and practice of biodosimetry. Radiat Environ Biophys. 2014;53:221-32.
27
Tucker JD, Joiner MC, Thomas RA, Grever WE, Bakhmutsky MV, Chinkhota CN, et al. Accurate gene expression-based biodosimetry using a minimal set of human gene transcripts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2014;88:933-9.
28
Paul S, Amundson SA. Development of gene expression signatures for practical radiation biodosimetry. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2008;71:1236-44. e76.
29
Vosoughi H, Azimian H, Khademi S, Rezaei A-R, Najafi Amiri M, Vaziri-Nezamdoost F, et al. PHA stimulation may be useful for FDXR gene expression-based biodosimetry. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23:449-53.
30
Goldberg Z, Schwietert CW, Lehnert B, Stern R, Nami I. Effects of low-dose ionizing radiation on gene expression in human skin biopsies. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2004;58(2):567-74.
31
Bladen CL, Navarre S, Dynan WS, Kozlowski DJ. Expression of the Ku70 subunit (XRCC6) and protection from low dose ionizing radiation during zebrafish embryogenesis. Neurosci Lett. 2007;422:97-102.
32
Tilton SC, Markillie LM, Hays S, Taylor RC, Stenoien DL. Identification of differential gene expression patterns after acute exposure to high and low doses of low-LET ionizing radiation in a reconstituted human skin tissue. Radiat Res. 2016;186:531-8.
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34
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Developing A Method for Inter-Seed Effect Correction in 125I Interstitial Brachytherapy Using Artificial Neural Network
Introduction: Treatment planning systems use TG-43 dose calculation protocol for brachytherapy sources. Dose calculations based on TG-43 formalism do not correct the perturbations due to the presence of tissue inhomogeneity, applicators, and inter-seed effects. Inter-seed attenuation has an important effect on dosimetry in permanent implant brachytherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the inter-seed attenuation effect for I-125 permanent implants. Then, software was developed to find the real dose distribution for different combinations of sources.Material and Methods: In the first step, a hypothetical generic source model was designed based on the configurations of different commercial source types. MCNP5 Monte Carlo code was utilized to simulate the single active generic source at the center of the phantom, and an inactive placed at various positions inside the phantom. An algorithm was introduced using artificial neural network models that can estimate the dose distribution in presence of inactive sources.Results: The Monte Carlo calculation results showed that the dose distribution is affected by the inter-seed attenuation effect. Comparison of the artificial neural network results with the Monte Carlo simulation results show that the artificial neural networks can predict the inter-seed attenuation with acceptable accuracy. Comparison of the MC calculations, and the ANN output does not show statistically significant differences between the results (P value>0.95).Conclusion: Inter-seed effect is dependent on the distance between the seeds. Decreasing distances would cause more effect. According to the results, it seems that the artificial neural network can be used as a tool for correction of inter-seed attenuation effect in treatment planning systems.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_17352_c48ba768c02881606f286bce76194c79.pdf
2022-01-01
14
21
10.22038/ijmp.2021.50066.1814
Dosimetry
Monte Carlo Method Interstitial Brachytherapy
Kheibar
Bayati
kheibar.bayati69@gmail.com
1
Nuclear engineering department, school of mechanical engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Sina
samirasina@yahoo.com
2
Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran. Radiation Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Faghihi
faghihir@shirazu.ac.ir
3
Nuclear engineering department, school of mechanical engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Vahed
Moharram zadeh
vahedmoharram@yahoo.com
4
Nuclear engineering department, school of mechanical engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Papie
maryam.papi1@gmail.com
5
Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Ghiassi-Nejad M, Jafarizadeh M, Ahmadian-Pour MR, Ghahramani AR. Dosimetric characteristics of 192Ir sources used in interstitial brachytherapy. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 2001 Aug 1;55(2):189-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0969-8043(00)00375-4.
1
Khan FM, Gibbons JP. Khan's the physics of radiation therapy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2014.
2
Podgorsak EB. Radiation oncology physics: a handbook for teachers and students. British journal of cancer. 2008;98(5):71-99. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604224.
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Orton CG. Time-dose factors (TDFs) in brachytherapy. The British journal of radiology. 1974 Sep;47(561):603-7. https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-47-561-603.
4
Rivard MJ, Coursey BM, DeWerd LA, Hanson WF, Saiful Huq M, Ibbott GS, and et al.. Update of AAPM Task Group No. 43 Report: A revised AAPM protocol for brachytherapy dose calculations. Medical physics. 2004 Mar;31(3):633-74. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.1646040.
5
Sina S, Faghihi R, Meigooni AS, Mehdizadeh S, Zehtabian M, Mosleh-Shirazi MA. Simulation of the shielding effects of an applicator on the AAPM TG-43 parameters of CS-137 Selectron LDR brachytherapy sources. International Journal of Radiation Research. 2009 Dec 1;7(3):135.
6
Sina S, Faghihi R, Soleymani Meigooni A. A Comparison of the Dosimetric Parameters of Cs-137 Brachytherapy Source in Different Tissues with Water Using Monte Carlo Simulation. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2012;9(1):65-74. https://dx.doi.org/10.22038/ijmp.2012.331.
7
Meigooni AS, Meli JA, Nath R. Interseed effects on dose for 125I brachytherapy implants. Medical physics. 1992 Mar;19(2):385-90. https://doi.org/10.1118/1.596871.
8
Mason J, Al-Qaisieh B, Bownes P, Henry A, Thwaites D. Investigation of interseed attenuation and tissue composition effects in 125I seed implant prostate brachytherapy. Brachytherapy. 2014 Nov 1;13(6):603-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2014.04.004.
9
Safigholi H, Shah A, Meigooni AS. A Novel Algorithm Accounting for Inter-Seed Attenuation Effect in Brachytherapy Treatment Planning Systems by Monte Carlo and Artificial Neural Networks. Brachytherapy. 2014 Mar 1;13:S27-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2014.02.237.
10
Sina S, Faghihi R, Meigooni A. Extracting Material Information from the CT Numbers by Artificial Neural Networks for Use in the Monte Carlo Simulations of Different Tissue Types in Brachytherapy. Journal of Biomedical Physics and Engineering, 2013; 3(1): 3-8.
11
NV Dehkordi A., Sina S. Khodadadi F. A Comparison of Deep Learning and Pharmacokinetic Model Selection Methods in Segmentation of High-Grade Glioma. Frontiers in biomedical technologies. 2021; 8(1 ): 50-60. https://www.sid.ir/en/journal/ViewPaper.aspx?id=841659.
12
Shen C, Gonzalez Y, Klages P, Qin N, Jung H, Chen L, et al. Intelligent inverse treatment planning via deep reinforcement learning, a proof of-principle study in high dose-rate brachytherapy for cervical cancer. Phys. Med. Biol. 2019; 64(11): https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6560/ab18bf
13
Mao X, Pineau J, Keyes R, and. Enger S. A. RapidBrachyDL: rapid radiation dose calculations in brachytherapy via deep learning. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 2020; 108(3): 802– https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.045.
14
Yusufaly TI, Kallis K, Simon A, Mayadev J, Yashar CM, Einck JP, et al. A knowledge-based organ dose prediction tool for brachytherapy treatment planning of patients with cervical cancer. Brachytherapy. 2020; 19(5): 624– https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brachy.2020.04.008
15
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16
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of an Analytical Anisotropic Dose Calculation Algorithm in a Heterogeneous Medium Using In Vivo Dosimetry for High-Energy Photon Beams
Introduction: The calibration process is usually limited to the depth of maximum energy. This study aimed to determine the depth dose in a heterogeneous medium using diodes and to evaluate a dose calculation algorithm.
Material and Methods: Measurements were done at three depths (4, 8, and 12 cm) using ten QEDTM diodes on heterogeneous phantoms (HPH), composed of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and expanded polystyrene, roughly simulating the rib cage. These phantoms were irradiated with 6-MV and 18-MV photon beams from a Varian linear accelerator by plans calculated by the Eclipse treatment planning system, equipped with the Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm (AAA). The calibration curves were drawn by considering several measurement points in depth by a graphite ionization chamber in the HPH. The diode calibration factor was taken from the curves via interpolation. The measured and calculated values were compared to evaluate the AAA.
Results: Depending on the depth, the deviations between the measurements and calculations predicted by the TPS remained less than 2%. Some measurements had an order of magnitude of nearly 3%. An average deviation of 1.13% was obtained for all measurements, with an average deviation of 0.66% and a standard deviation of 0.80%. The upper bound of the confidence interval was 1.41%.
Conclusion: The deviations obtained in this study remained within the recommended standard range for validation of a dose calculation algorithm in a heterogeneous medium. The calibration method based on dose profiles provided further information about the dose in a heterogeneous medium, based on a single diode reading.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_15946_e2fb34d8031c242c6eb146504d5fe512.pdf
2022-01-01
22
30
10.22038/ijmp.2020.46457.1739
Radiotherapy
Rib cage
Diode
Heterogeneity
Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm
Yasmina
Berkani
berkani.yasmina@yahoo.fr
1
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Matte Radiation Interaction (LPTHIRM), Saad Dahlab University of Blida, Algeria
LEAD_AUTHOR
Rachid
Khelifi
r_khelifi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Laboratory of Theoretical Physics and Matte Radiation Interaction (LPTHIRM), Saad Dahlab University of Blida, Algeria
AUTHOR
Technical reports series N° Commissioning and quality assurance of computerized planning systems for radiation treatment of cancer. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna. 2004.
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Technical reports series N° Absorbed dose determination in external beam radiotherapy. An International Code of Practice for Dosimetry Based on Standards of Absorbed Dose to Water. International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2000.
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Sievinen J, Ulmer W, Kaissl W. AAA photon dose calculation model in Eclipse. Palo Alto (CA): Varian Medical Systems. 2005;118:2894.
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Sievinen J, Ulmer W, Kaissl W. AAA photon dose calculation model in Eclipse. Palo Alto (CA): Varian Medical Systems. 2005;118: 2894.
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Aarup LR, Nahum AE, Zacharatou C, Juhler-Nottrup T, Knoos T, Nystrom H, et al. The effect of different lung densities on the accuracy of various radiotherapy dose calculation methods: implications for tumour coverage. Radiother Oncol. 2009; 91:405–
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Soh RC, Tay GH, Lew WS, Lee JC. A depth dose study between AAA and AXB algorithm against Monte Carlo simulation using AIP CT of a 4D dataset from a moving phantom. Reports of Practical Oncology & Radiotherapy. 2018 Sep 1;23(5):413-24.
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Bragg CM, Conway J. Dosimetric verification of the anisotropic analytical algorithm for radiotherapy treatment planning. Radiotherapy and oncology. 2006 Dec 1;81(3):315-23.
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Van Esch A, Tillikainen L, Pyykkonen J, Tenhunen M, Helminen H, Siljamäki S, et al. Testing of the analytical anisotropic algorithm for photon dose calculation. Medical physics. 2006 Nov;33(11):4130-48.
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Rønde HS, Hoffmann L. Validation of Varian's AAA algorithm with focus on lung treatments. Acta Oncologica. 2009 Jan 1;48(2):209-15.
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Rana S, Rogers K. Dosimetric evaluation of Acuros XB dose calculation algorithm with measurements in predicting doses beyond different air gap thickness for smaller and larger field sizes. Journal of medical physics/Association of Medical Physicists of India. 2013 Jan;38(1):9.
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Rana S, Rogers K, Pokharel S, Lee T, Reed D, Biggs C. Acuros XB algorithm vs. anisotropic analytical algorithm: A dosimetric study using heterogeneous phantom and computed tomography (CT) data sets of esophageal cancer patients. 2013.
32
Dubey S, Bagdare P, Kumar Ghosh S. Design and study of a heterogeneous cost effective thorax phantom for dosimetric evaluation of analytic anisotropic algorithm (AAA) and acuros XB algorithm (AXB). International Journal of Radiology & Radiation Therapy. 2020; 7(2).
33
Mohamed SA, Hassan GS, Elshahat KM. Evaluation of Calculation Algorithms for photon Beam dose in Heterogeneous Medium. Global Journal of Physics Vol. 2015 Jun 18;1(1).
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Da Rosa LA, Cardoso SC, Campos LT, Alves VG, Batista DV, Facure A. Percentage depth dose evaluation in heterogeneous media using thermoluminescent dosimetry. Journal of applied clinical medical physics. 2010 Dec;11(1):117-27.
35
Fogliata A, Nicolini G, Clivio A, Vanetti E, Cozzi L. Dosimetric evaluation of Acuros XB Advanced Dose Calculation algorithm in heterogeneous media. Radiation oncology. 2011 Dec;6(1):1-5.
36
Zaman A, Kakakhel MB, Hussain A. A comparison of Monte Carlo, anisotropic analytical algorithm (AAA) and Acuros XB algorithms in assessing dosimetric perturbations during enhanced dynamic wedged radiotherapy deliveries in heterogeneous media. Journal of Radiotherapy in Practice. 2019 Mar 1;18(1):75-81.
37
Kim YL, Suh TS, Choe BY, Choi BO, Chung JB, Lee JW, et al. Dose distribution evaluation of various dose calculation algorithms in inhomogeneous media. International Journal of Radiation Research. 2016 Oct 1;14(4):269.
38
Singh N, Painuly NK, Chaudhari LN, Chairmadurai A, Verma T, Shrotiya D, et al. Evaluation of AAA and XVMC Algorithms for Dose Calculation in Lung Equivalent Heterogeneity in Photon Fields: A Comparison of Calculated Results with Measurements. J Biomed Phys Eng. 2018; 8(3).
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Robinson D. Inhomogeneity correction and the analytic anisotropic algorithm. Journal of clinical medical physics. 2008; 9(2).
40
Gagné IM, Zavgorodni S. Evaluation of the analytical anisotropic algorithm in an extreme water–lung interface phantom using Monte Carlo dose calculations. Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics. 2007 Dec;8(1):33-46.
41
Hedin E, Bäck A, Chakarova R. Impact of lung density on the lung dose estimation for radiotherapy of breast cancer. Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology. 2017 Jul 1;3:5-10.
42
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Dosimetric evaluation of IMRT Step and Shoot/ Sliding and Window (SS / SW) and VMAT Treatment Plans for Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Introduction: Radiotherapy of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology (ORL) sphere is difficult due to complex geometries and very sensitive organs around the target volume. This weapon has benefited from the advances of the Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) technique that combines the advantages of dynamic arc therapy techniques with those of Conformal Radiotherapy with Intensity Modulated (CRIM) by stationary beams.Material and Methods: The treatment plans of 10 patients were compared and treated with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) Step and Shoot (SS), Sliding window (SW), and VMAT (6MV X-ray beam). Three target volumes were used: PTVث Gy, PTV 63 Gy, and PTV 56 Gy. The organs at risk were the spinal cord, the brainstem, the parotid gland. The dose was delivered once a day, five days a week and in 35 sessions in Simultaneous Integrated Boost (SIB).Results: The SS technique permitted better parotid sparing, inducting thus to limiting late complications such as xerostomia. The VMAT technique led to better protection of the brainstem by reducing about 6 Gy while for the spinal cord the doses received were almost equal. There was no statistically significant difference between the different techniques.Conclusion: The results confirm the conformational capacities of these innovative techniques, from a dosimetric and above all clinical point of view as well as their ability to cover the target volumes while largely respecting the constraints on organs at risk.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_18005_94c651d4cb06c12a9546e86c813a9a1e.pdf
2022-01-01
31
42
10.22038/ijmp.2021.53524.1879
nasopharyngeal cancer
Radiotherapy
IMRT
VMAT
Dose
Rachid
Errifai
rachiderrifai@gmail.com
1
Department of Physics, LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Youssef
Bouzekraoui
youssef0fsr@gmail.com
2
Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat, Morocco
LEAD_AUTHOR
FARIDA
BENTAYEB
bentayebfr@yahoo.fr
3
Department of Physics, LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Lafond C. Analyse et optimisation des performances de la technique VMAT pour son utilisation en radiothérapie (Doctoral dissertation, Rennes 1). 2013.
1
Eldebawy E, Rashed Y, AlKhaldi M, Day E. A Dosimetric Comparison of Volumetric-Modulated Arc Therapy to Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Rectal Carcinoma. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2020;17(6):374-9.
2
Singh H, Gandhi A, Sapru S, Khurana R, Hadi R, Nanda S, et al. Comparison of Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy and Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiotherapy in Postoperative High-Grade Glioma: A Dosimetric Comparison. Iranian Journal of Medical Physics. 2019;16(5):385-91.
3
Liliane Ramus. Conception et utilisation d’atlas anatomiques pour la segmentation automatique : application à la radiothérapie des cancers ORL. Imagerie médicale. Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, 2011. Français. tel-00845098
4
Sanda C, Sarafoleanu C. Advantages of VMAT-IMRT technique in nasopharyngeal cancer. Romanian Journal of Rhinology. 2016 Apr;6(22).
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Huger S. Adaptation interactive d'un traitement de radiothérapie par imagerie volumique: développement et validation d'outils pour sa mise en oeuvre en routine clinique (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Lorraine). 2014.
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Manuel de l'exploitant SOMATOM De_nition AS SIEMENS. 2021. Available from : https://www.siemens-healthineers.com/en-us/computed-tomography/ecoline-refurbished-systems/somatomdefinitionas
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[9] Prescribing IC. recording, and reporting photon-beam intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). ICRU report. 2010;83(10):27-40.
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Howell R.M., Koontz-Raisig W., Johnstone P.A.S. The trade-off between neutron dose and skin dose for 6 MV versus 18 MV for prostate IMRT : does the 20 cm rule still apply ?. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2006 ; 66 :S678
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Gerard JP, Costa A. Guide des procédures de radiothérapie externe 2007. Société Française de Radiothérapie Oncologique (SFRO), Société Française de Physique Médicale (SFPM), France. 2007.
16
Teoh M, Clark CH, Wood K, Whitaker S, Nisbet A. Volumetric modulated arc therapy: a review of current literature and clinical use in practice. The British journal of radiology. 2011 Nov;84(1007):967-96.
17
Verbakel WF, Cuijpers JP, Hoffmans D, Bieker M, Slotman BJ, Senan S. Volumetric intensity-modulated arc therapy vs. conventional IMRT in head-and-neck cancer: a comparative planning and dosimetric study. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2009 May 1;74(1):252-9.
18
Vanetti E, Clivio A, Nicolini G, Fogliata A, Ghosh-Laskar S, Agarwal JP, et al. Volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy for carcinomas of the oro-pharynx, hypo-pharynx and larynx: a treatment planning comparison with fixed field IMRT. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2009 Jul 1;92(1):111-7.
19
Guckenberger M, Richter A, Krieger T, Wilbert J, Baier K, Flentje M. Is a single arc sufficient in volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for complex-shaped target volumes?. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2009 Nov 1;93(2):259-65.
20
Rao M, Yang W, Chen F, Sheng K, Ye J, Mehta V, et al. Comparison of Elekta VMAT with helical tomotherapy and fixed field IMRT: plan quality, delivery efficiency and accuracy. Medical physics. 2010 Mar;37(3):1350-9.
21
Johnston M, Clifford S, Bromley R, Back M, Oliver L, Eade T. Volumetric-modulated arc therapy in head and neck radiotherapy: a planning comparison using simultaneous integrated boost for nasopharynx and oropharynx carcinoma. Clinical Oncology. 2011 Oct 1;23(8):503-11.
22
Clemente S, Wu B, Sanguineti G, Fusco V, Ricchetti F, Wong J, et al. SmartArc-based volumetric modulated arc therapy for oropharyngeal cancer: a dosimetric comparison with both intensity-modulated radiation therapy and helical tomotherapy. International Journal of Radiation Oncology* Biology* Physics. 2011 Jul 15;80(4):1248-55.
23
Bertelsen A, Hansen CR, Johansen J, Brink C. Single arc volumetric modulated arc therapy of head and neck cancer. Radiotherapy and Oncology. 2010 May 1;95(2):142-8.
24
Ezzell GA, Galvin JM, Low D, Palta JR, Rosen I, Sharpe MB, et al. Guidance document on delivery, treatment planning, and clinical implementation of IMRT: report of the IMRT Subcommittee of the AAPM Radiation Therapy Committee. Medical physics. 2003 Aug;30(8):2089-115.
25
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Energy Window Selection for Bremsstrahlung 90Y SPECT-CT Imaging: A Phantom Study
Introduction: In Yttrium-90 SPECT imaging, the energy window and collimator used during projection acquisition can significantly affect image quality. In this work, we used a new and independent method to verify previous results, which suggest suitable energy around 130 keV.
Material and Methods: We used Siemens Symbia SPECT-CT system fitted with High Energy General Purpose (HEGP), Medium Energy General Purpose (MEGP), and Low Energy High Resolution (LEHR) to acquire data from NEMA IEC PET Body Phantom filled with 90Y chloride. ISO-counting curve is a new method analysed in this study to evaluate the adequate parameters for 90Y SPECT imaging.
Results: HEGP collimator was the most suitable for acquisitions of 90Y bremsstrahlung radiation from the point of view of the correct volume reproduction. ISO-counting analyses have shown that for the bigger phantom spheres, the optimum acquisition energy is centered on 130 keV.
Conclusion: The ISO-counting curve method is consistent to previous studies’ results and can help to improve image quality.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_17527_5387386bca02c36a0f9a18315d3213c8.pdf
2022-01-01
43
48
10.22038/ijmp.2021.51256.1837
Bremsstrahlung Yttrium
90 NEMA IEC PET Body Phantom ISO
Counting Curves
Denise
Curto
denisecurto@live.it
1
Physics Department, University of Trieste, Italy
AUTHOR
Faustino
Bonutti
faustino.bonutti@asuiud.sanita.fvg.it
2
Academic Hospital of Udine, Medical Physics Department, Italy
AUTHOR
Youssef
Bouzekraoui
youssef0fsr@gmail.com
3
Hassan First University of Settat, High Institute of Health Sciences, Laboratory of Sciences and Health Technologies, Settat, Morocco
LEAD_AUTHOR
Farida
Bentayeb
bentayebfr@yahoo.fr
4
Department of Physics, LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Hicham
Asmi
hichamasmi@gmail.com
5
Department of Physics, LPHE, Modeling and Simulations, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
AUTHOR
Breedis and G. Young, The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver, Am. J. Pathol. 30, 969–984 (1954)
1
Lhommel, L. van Elmbt, P. Goffette, M. Van den Eynde, F. Jamar, S. Pauwels, S. Walrand, Feasibility of (90)Y TOF PET-based dosimetry in liver metastasis therapy using SIR-Spheres, Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 37: 1654–1662 (2010)
2
Langhoff, H. H. Hennies, ZumExperimentellenNachweis Von ZweiquantenzerfallBeim 0+-0+-Ubergang des Zr90, Z Phys A At Nucl 164: 166–173 (1961)
3
J. Nickles, A. D. Roberts, J. A. Nye, A. K. Converse, T. E. Barnhart, M. A. Avila-Rodriguez, R. Sundaresan, D. W. Dick, R. J. Hammas and B. R. Thomadsen, Assaying and PET imaging of yttrium-90: 1/spl Gt/34ppm > 0, IEEE Symposium Conf Record Nuclear Science 3412–3414 (2004)
4
Heard, G. D. Flux, M. J. Guy, R. J. Ott, Monte Carlo Simulation of 90Y Bremsstrahlung Imaging, Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record: IEEE. 6, 3579-3583 (2004)
5
Rong, Y. Du, E. C. Frey, A method for energy window optimization for quantitative tasks that includes the effects of model mismatch on bias: application to Y-90 Bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging, Phys. Med. Biol. 57, 3711-3725 (2012)
6
S. Huey, Y. J. See, S. Nabila, H. S. Ping, I. Suzanah, Collimator and energy window optimization for practical imaging protocol and quantification of Yttrium-90 bremsstrahlung spect/ct: A phantom study, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 178 (2021) 109080
7
Bouzekraoui, F. Bentayeb, H. Asmi, F. Bonutti, Energy window and contrast optimization for single-photon emission computed tomography bremsstrahlung imaging with yttrium-90. Indian J Nucl Med 2019;34:125-8.
8
A. Porter, K. M. Bradle, E. T. Hippeläinen, M. D. Walker and D. R. McGowan, Phantom and clinical evaluation of the effect of full Monte Carlo collimator modelling in post-SIRT yttrium-90 Bremsstrahlung SPECT imaging, EJNMMI Research (2018) 8:7 DOI 10.1186/s13550-018-0361-0
9
Kim, J. K. Bae, B. H. Hong, K. M. Kim, W. Lee, Effects of collimator on imaging performance of Yttrium-90 Bremsstrahlung photons: Monte Carlo simulation, Nuclear Engineering and Technology, 2018
10
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Synthesis of Colloidal Silver, Platinum, and Mixture of Silver-Platinum Nanoparticles Using Pulsed Laser Ablation as a Contrast Agent in Computed Tomography
Introduction: The development of nanoparticles as computed tomography contrast agents has increased significantly. However, few reports have been published on the use of silver and platinum nanoparticles as contrast agents. These nanomaterials are a good candidatefor contrast agents because of their high atomic number and high durability against corrosion.
Material and Methods: Experimentally, a Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm, 45 mJ, 10 Hz) was focused on a high-purity metal plate including Ag and Pt plates, which are placed in deionized water medium. Colloidal nanoparticles of Ag and Pt were then mixed to obtain a mixture composition of Ag and Pt with ratios of Ag:Pt of 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, respectively.The Ag, Pt, and Ag-Pt NPs mixture were then examined as contrast agents in CT scan.
Results: The imaging results of the quantitative analysiswere measured in the Hounsfield Unit(HU), showing 13.5, 12.8, 13.3, 14.1, and 17.3 HU for colloidal 100% AgNPs, colloidal Ag and Pt NPs with volume ratios of Ag:Pt of 75:25%, 50:50%, 25:75%, and colloidal 100%Pt NPs, respectively.
Conclusion: Results reveal the highest absorbent power was found in the colloidal contrast agent of Pt NPs 100% is 17.3 HU, followed by the 25:75% Ag-Pt NPs is 14.1 HU. The higher HU value for platinum can be attributed to its higher density since the effective energy of 80 kVp is about 42 keV, which is lower than the K-edge of Pt (K-edge ≈ 78 keV), which means that the attenuation of X-ray in Pt is due to Compton scattering dominantly.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_17441_a3051ffa204833f57c34684c5b5cc545.pdf
2022-01-01
49
57
10.22038/ijmp.2021.51781.1849
Diagnosis
Metal Nanoparticles
Contrast Agent
CT Scan
Ali
Khumaeni
khumaeni@fisika.fsm.undip.ac.id
1
Physics Department, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad Zamakhsari
Alhamid
alhamid@student.fisika.fsm.undip.ac.id
2
Physics Department, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Choirul
Anam
anam@fisika.fsm.undip.ac.id
3
Physics Department, Diponegoro University, Tembalang, Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Ari
Budiono
loekmono@generalhospital.co.id
4
Loekmono HadiGeneral Hospital,Kudus, Central Java, Indonesia
AUTHOR
Friedland S, Benaron D, Coogan S, Sze DY, Soetikno R. Diagnosis of chronic mesenteric ischemia by visible light spectroscopy during endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy, 2007; 65(2): 294-300.
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
The Role of Crocetin-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles as a Pre-Treatment Agent on Indocyanine-Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer Cell
Introduction: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) can be considered as a non-invasive method for cancer treatment. One of the most commonly of a water-soluble dye photosensitizer (PS) used in photothermal therapy (PTT) and PDT is Indocyanine Green (ICG). However, high cytotoxicity in high concentration and instability in aqueous media were limited its application. It was shown that using nanoparticles or plant extracts in combination with PS could improve PDT efficiency. In this study, anti-cancer properties of crocetin (Crt) loaded PLGA (Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles (NPs) were utilized to increase the PDT efficacy with ICG on the MCF-7 cells.
Material and Methods: Crt was encapsulated into PLGA NPs and its particle size distribution and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. IC10 of Crt, PLGA-Crt NPs and ICG was determined by MTT assay in MCF-7 cancer cells. At these concentrations, the cells were pre-treated with Crt or PLG-Crt, then treated with ICG and finally exposure to near infrared (NIR) laser with 2.5 W powers at different times. The cells viability was evaluated by the MTT assay.
Results: The findings showed no dark cytotoxicity due to ICG (12.9 μM), Crt or PLGA-Crt alone. But NIR laser irradiation in the presence of ICG after cells pre-treatment by the Crt or PLGA-Crt NPs leads to induce cell death to (61.6 ±7) % and (75.5 ±5) %, respectively (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results demonstrated that PLGA-Crt NPs in combination with ICG could improve PDT outcomes more efficiently in comparison with Crt and ICG. Therefore, this method could be effective in breast cancer therapy with low cytotoxicity.
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_17845_325ecc903feabcb15df406ddf5acd96e.pdf
2022-01-01
58
65
10.22038/ijmp.2021.56373.1942
Crocetin (Crt) Poly Lactic
co
Glycolic Acid (PLGA) Nanoparticles (NPs) Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Indocyanine Green (ICG) Breast Cancer
Samaneh
Soudmand Salarabadi
soudmands1@mums.ac.ir
1
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Maryam
Hashemi
hashemim@mums.ac.ir
2
Nanotechnology Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences ,Mashhad, Iran
AUTHOR
Ameneh
Sazgarnia
sazgarniaa@mums.ac.ir
3
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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