Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Natural Radioactivity and Radon Concentrations in Parenteral Nutrition Samples Utilized in Iraqi Hospitals
1
7
EN
Ali
A
Abojassim
0000-0001-5950-5220
University ofKufa
ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30074.1337
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> This study was conducted to measure the gamma emitters (e.g., uranium-238 [<sup>238</sup>U], thorium-232 [<sup>232</sup>Th], and potassium-40[<sup>40</sup>K]) and alpha emitters (e.g., radon-222 [<sup>222</sup>Rn] and radium), and also to evaluate the radiation hazard indices of radionuclides in parenteral nutrition samples utilized in the hospitals of Iraq.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The measurements were accomplished using gamma-ray spectroscopy with NaI (Tl) detector, solid state nuclear track detector (CR-39), and RAD-7 detector. Gamma radiation hazard indices, such as radium equivalent activity and internal hazard index, were also calculated.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> According to the results, the mean specific activities of the radionuclides belonging to the uranium (<sup>238</sup>U) and thorium series (<sup>232</sup>Th) in the parenteral nutrition samples were 1.17±0.20 and 0.185±0.026 Bq/kg, respectively (range: 0.33±0.17-1.81±0.42 Bq/kg and 0.09±0.03-0.28±0.06 Bq/kg, respectively). However, natural radionuclide (<sup>40</sup>K) was not detected in all samples. Furthermore, the mean values of radon and radium concentrations were 13.77±2.84 mBq/L and 0.19±0.03 mBq/kg, respectively using CR-39 detector (range: 2.00-29.97 mBq/L and 0.03-0.41 mBq/kg, respectively). There was a significant correlation (R<sup>2</sup>=0.91) between the concentrations estimated by the CR-39 and RAD-7 detectors. In addition, a significant correlation (R<sup>2</sup>=0.90) was observed between <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>222</sup>Rn.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The comparison of the results obtained in the present study with the worldwide average revealed that all values were within the recommended range given by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, World Health Organization, and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. In other words, the parenteral nutrition samples under study were safe for consumption and did not expose the citizens to any hazards.
Gamma Radiation,Radon,Parenteral Nutrition,NaI (Tl),CR-39,Hospitals
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10551.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10551_47bf3c4dc881ffddc14adcb6b96908cb.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Development of Computed Tomography Head and Body Phantom for Organ Dosimetry
8
14
EN
Michael
Onoriode
Akpochafor
0000-0001-5903-676X
Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy and Radiodiagnosis
akpochafor@gmail.com
SAMUEL
OLAOLU
ADENEYE
0000-0003-3239-2785
Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, and Radiodiagnosis, College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
asokjune@gmail.com
Kehinde
Ololade
Department of Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy,
College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital,
Idi-Araba.
ololadekehinde@yahoo.com
AKINTAYO
DANIEL
OMOJOLA
0000-0002-8741-3881
FMC ASABA DELTA STATE
akintayoomojola@gmail.com
OLUWAFEMI
sunday
Ajibade
Department of Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy,
College of Medicine, University of Lagos
Idi-Araba.
sunfem2011@gmail.com
Nusirat
Adedewe
Department of Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy,
College of Medicine, University of Lagos.
nusirat.adedewe94@gmail.com
Aderonke
Adedokun
0000-0003-0019-2308
Department of Radiation Biology and Radiotherapy,
College of Medicine, University of Lagos.
adedokun_aderonke@yahoo.com
Moses
Aweda
Department of Radiation Biology, Radiotherapy, Radiodiagnosis and Radiography, College of Medicine, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Idi-Araba, Lagos, Nigeria
maaweda@cmul.edu.ng
Oluyemi
Bright
Aboyewa
Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
oluyemibaboyewa@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30906.1360
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Quality assurance in Computed tomography (CT) centers in developing countries are largely hindered by the unavailability of CT phantoms. The development of a local CT phantom for the measurement of organ radiation absorbed dose is therefore requisite.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> Local CT phantoms were designed to meet the standard criteria of 32 cm diameter for body, 16 cm diameter for head, and 14 cm in length respectively. The outer plastic shell was made using poly (methyl methacrylate [PMMA]) sheet. The developed CT phantoms were validated against a standard phantom. Radiation absorbed dose was determined by scanning the setup with the same protocol used for the standard phantom. The local phantoms were then verified for organ radiation absorbed dose measurement using bovine tissues. The set up was CT-scanned, and Hounsfield units (HU) for bovine tissues were obtained.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> There was no significant difference between the local and standard head phantoms (P=0.060). Similarly, no difference was noted between the local and standard body phantoms (P=0.795). The percentage difference in volume CT dose index (CTDI<sub>vol</sub>) between the body (local and standard) phantoms was higher than that for the head phantoms. There were no significant differences in HU between bovine and human brain, liver, kidney and lung tissues (P=0.938).<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The local phantoms showed good agreement with the standard ones. The developed phantoms can be used for CT organ radiation absorbed dose measurement in radiology departments in Nigeria.
Phantom,Organ,Radiation Dosage,Computed Tomography,Thermoluminescent Dosimetry
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10750.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10750_5819e7757741a18fa664e6f69e5edf91.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Radionuclides and heavy elements in a water deposits of Reverse Osmosis system filters in Iraqi houses
15
18
EN
Basim
A
Almayahi
Department of Environment, Faculty of Science, University of Kufa, 54003 kufa, Najaf Governorate, Iraq
basimnajaf@yahoo.com
Aseel
F
Alfarhad
Department of Geology, College of Science, Kufa University, Iraq
ezzateajeena89@gmail.com
Ayad
Resen
General Directorate of Education in Najaf Researches and Studies Department, Najaf, Iraq
mammay081@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27429.1289
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> In this study, we investigated contaminants in sediments of reverse osmosis water systems in Iraqi households. These filters are imported from the US and Taiwan and are available in the Iraqi market. The rate of environmental pollutions in residues of the water filters was examined by measuring alpha particles emission rates and the concentration of heavy metals.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> In this study, we measured the rate of alpha particles emission using CR-39 detector. Heavy elements were measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The highest value of cadmium was found in Ghadeer district and the lowest cadmium value in Alswag district. The highest value of lead was found in Ghadeer district and the lowest in Aljameha. The emission rates of alpha particles were found to be the lowest in the sediments of Ghadeer district, and the highest values were found in Khan Almkhdhar.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The average concentrations of dissolved Cd and Pb were higher than the safe limits for Iraq specifications and the world standard limit.
Reverse Osmosis,CR-39,World Health Organization Radionuclides
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10798.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10798_c5dd845a9e94a51a7d8a6814d04ddb9f.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Diagnostic Reference Levels for Computed Tomography Examinations in Iran: A Nationwide Radiation Dose Survey
19
26
EN
Mohsen
Asadinezhad
0000-0001-6096-765X
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
asadinejad_m@yahoo.com
Mohammad Taghi
Bahreyni Toossi
0000-0002-3698-5716
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
bahreynimt@mums.ac.ir
Mina
Nouri
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
nourim8@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33100.1402
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> International Commission on Radiological Protection introduced three basic principles of radiation protection, namely justification, optimization, and dose limit. Medical exposure has no dose limits, and generally, diagnostic reference levels are used as a tool for optimization of patient protection.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> Dosimetry was performed on 20 CT scanners located in 14 cities in 12 provinces of Iran. A calibrated pencil-shaped ionization chamber, standard head and body CT dosimetry phantoms and a radiation monitor were used to determine and calculate Computed Tomography Dose Index (CTDI) and Dose Length Product (DLP). The DLP-based estimates of effective dose were derived using effective dose conversion coefficients.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The <sub>n</sub>CTDI<sub>w</sub> values for head phantoms fell within the range of 22.05-168.38 and 43.77-426.69 µGy/mAs for 5 and 10mm slice thicknesses, respectively. These values for body phantom were 4.65-146.39 and 9.43-308.92 µGy/mAs for 5 and 10mm slice thicknesses, respectively. The third quartile of CTDI<sub>vol</sub> and DLP values for head CT examinations were 49.85 mGy and 1161.00 mGy-cm, respectively. The body CT examinations had the values of 8.89 mGy and 370.97 mGy-cm, respectively. The findings of this study revealed that the above-mentioned values can be considered as national diagnostic reference levels for head and body CT examinations in Iran.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The results of the current study suggested that there is a need to re-assess DRLs for CT examinations at regular time intervals by the appropriate regulatory authority which can improve the continuous performance of CT scanners in Iran.
Computed Tomography,Iran,Radiation Dosimetry
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11500.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11500_33ed7c2911ea710161cf0ff9be551351.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Evaluation of Natural Radionuclide content in Nile River Sediments and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Associated with Gamma Radiation
27
33
EN
Atef
ElTaher
0000-0003-0188-420X
Physics Department
Faculty of Science
Al Azhar University,Egypt
atef.eltaher@gmail.com
Laith
Najam
0000-0003-1747-7748
Physics Dept., College of Science, Mosul University, Mosul,IRAQ
prof.lai2014@gmail.com
Imad
Hussian
Physics Dept., College of Science, Mosul University,IRAQ
imad_ahmad2003@yahoo.com
Mohammed
Ahmed
Ali Omar
Department of Radiologic Technology,College of Applied Medical Science,Qassim University,KSA
alkajam@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30622.1351
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> This Study has was carried out to measure and detect the natural occurred radionuclide content including <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K in the Nile River sediments at various locations in Upper Egypt, from Aswan to El-Minya. Additionally, we determine the absorbed dose rate, the annual effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risk also has been calculated.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The gamma ray measurements were performed with a high resolution High-Purity Germanium detector, low background, and Personal Computer multichannel analyzer.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In Aswan Governorate, the mean specific activities of radionuclide's (<sup>226</sup>Ra,<sup>232</sup>Th and <sup>40</sup>K) 14.86, 13.78 and 175.4 in Bq/kg respectively. In Qena Governorate, the mean specific activities of mentioned radionuclides were 14.44 Bq/kg, 15.02 Bq/kg and 197.57 Bq/kg, respectively. These values were18.53 Bq/kg, 11.3 Bq/kg and 184.73 Bq/kg in Sohag Governorate, respectively. In Asyut Governorate the mean specific activities of the radionuclide's were 11.38 Bq/kg, 10.0 Bq/kg, and 164.715 Bq/kg, respectively. However, these values were 19.56 Bq/kg, 11.72 Bq/kg, and 239.92 Bq/kg in Minya Governorate, respectively. The hazard indices of gamma radiation such as Absorbed dose rate, annual effective dose equivalent and excess lifetime cancer risk were calculated.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>According to the results, all the values were within the reported values by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. In addition, there was no likelihood of radiological health hazards to the population living close to the Nile river.
Dose Rate,Gamma Spectroscopy,Hazard Indices,Radionuclides
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10816.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10816_2132b4fb3b631bfe20f9f155d162339c.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Quality assessment of conventional X-ray diagnostic equipment by measuring X-ray exposure and tube output parameters in Great Khorasan Province, Iran
34
40
EN
Mohammad
Hashemi
0000-0001-6956-4603
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran.
hashemim1@mums.ac.ir
Shahram
Bayani Roodi
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran.
bayanirsh1@mums.ac.ir
Fateme
Shahedi
0000-0001-8803-3867
Department of Radiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.
shahedif96@yahoo.com
Mahdi
Momennezhad
0000-0002-1509-0446
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran.
momennezhadm@mums.ac.ir
Hoda
Zare
0000-0002-0480-2452
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran.
zareh@mums.ac.ir
Hamid
Gholamhosseinian
0000-0003-2246-6939
Medical Physics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashahd, Iran.
gholamhosseinianh@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33719.1417
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Regular implementation of quality control (QC) program in diagnostic X-ray facilities may affect both image quality and patient radiation dose due to the changes in exposure parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the status of randomly selected conventional radiographic X-ray devices installed in radiology centers of Great Khorasan Province, Iran, to produce the data needed to formulate QC policies, which are essential to ensure the accuracy of the diagnosis while minimizing the radiation dose.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> This cross-sectional study was performed using a calibrated Piranha multi-purpose detector to measure QC parameters in order to unify X‐ray imaging practices using international guidelines. The QC parameters included voltage accuracy, voltage reproducibility, exposure time accuracy, exposure time reproducibility, tube output linearity with time andmilliampere (mA), and tube output reproducibility. Data analysis procedures were performed based on the type of an X-ray generator, which has not been reported in previous studies.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results showed that the implementation of high-frequency X-ray generators were more advantageous compared to alternative current generators, due to their efficient, better accuracy, linearity, and reproducibility.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The survey revealed that the QC program was not conducted at regular intervals in some of the investigated radiology centers, mostly because of inadequate enforcement by national regulatory authorities for implementation of QC program.
Diagnostic Equipment,Quality Control,Radiography
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11746.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11746_2688a861b911b5bfefcf0b5a4905716b.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Determination of Alpha Particles Levels in Blood Samples of Cancer Patients at Karbala Governorate, Iraq
41
47
EN
adhraa
Hassan
0000-0003-2273-7022
kufa/ najaf/ 3112
adhraa.alshabawy@uokufa.edu.iq
Ahmed
Abdul Hadi
Mohsen
Ibn Hayan University, Medical College, Pediatric Department, IRAQ
aliabojassem@gmail.com
hussien
zahed
0000-0003-4011-4099
university of Kufa, faculty of science, Dep. physics
hussien_zahed@yahoo.com
Ali
A
Abojassim
0000-0001-5950-5220
University ofKufa
ali.alhameedawi@uokufa.edu.iq
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32376.1383
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Alpha particle emitters are very damaging and harmful when entering into the human body ,if ingested or inhaled , swallowed or absorbed into the lungs or bloodstream . Uranium (<sup>238</sup>U), Radium (<sup>226</sup>Ra) and Radon (<sup>222</sup>Rn) are typical alpha-particle emitters.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> we measured the level of alpha particles emitted from <sup>222</sup>Rn, <sup>226</sup>Ra, and <sup>238</sup>U in blood samples of 10 cancer patients diagnosed using solid-state nuclear track detector. The samples were collected from hospitals located in Karbala Governorate of Iraq. This study was carried out between October and December 2017. Alpha particles concentrations of the collected blood samples were estimated in patient and control groups.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The mean concentrations of radon, radium, and uranium concentration were 64.3±25.92 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>, 3.1±1.24 Bq/kg and 1.4±0.58 ppm, respectively. Also, the results showed that radon concentrations, activity concentrations of radon, radium concentrations, and uranium concentrations were significantly higher in the patient group compared to the controls (p <0.05).<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>It was found that radon concentrations in all the studied blood samples were within the allowed limit according to International Commission on Radiological Protection and International Atomic Energy Agency (200 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>), except for sample C4(male, type of cancer is colon) that had a value of 265.15±18.94 Bq/m<sup>3</sup>.
Alpha Particles,Blood,Cancers,Iraq
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11282.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11282_8931eedd1a3f41396c3b87162273aeb8.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Impact of Photon Spectra on the Sensitivity of Polymer Gel Dosimetry by X-Ray Computed Tomography
48
55
EN
Homa
Hayati
Medical Radiation Sciences Research Team, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, IRAN
homa.hayati@gmail.com
Asghar
Mesbahi
0000-0001-9159-2168
Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
mesbahiiran@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30042.1334
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of X-ray spectra on the sensitivity of a polymer gel dosimeter imaged with a conventional computed tomography (CT) scanner.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The whole process of CT imaging of an irradiated polymer gel was simulated by MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) code. The imaging of polyacrylamide gel was accomplished by means of a conventional X-ray CT scan machine for different X-ray spectra, including mono-energetic beams and the spectra generated after passing through physical filters, including copper and tin. The MC-scored photon fluence inside simulated detectors was used to reconstruct the axial CT images by MATLAB software. The resultant images were used to derive the dose calibration curve of the gel for different spectra, based on which the highest sensitivity was selected.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Among the calculated gel sensitivities for different beam spectra, the highest increase in average sensitivity was obtained as 23% for the 140 kVp spectrum with copper filter and copper+tin filter. However, the sensitivity of mono-energetic beams showed no considerable variation with the increase of energy from 30 to 140 keV.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>As the findings indicated, the optimization of photon spectra by means of a physical filter could increase the sensitivity of polymer gels in gel dosimetry using CT imaging.
Diagnostic Equipment,Quality Control,Radiography
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11048.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11048_be9fe3ba92cbb6534043bbc23d21c9d0.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Modified Photochemical Properties of Mitoxantrone by Plasmonic Photothermal Response of Hollow Gold Nanoshells
56
63
EN
Armin
Imanparast
0000-0002-1827-4590
mashhad university of medical science,medical physics department
armin.imanparast@gmail.com
Mohamadreza
Diba
0000-0003-3374-3022
Master student of medical biochemistry, Shiraz university of medical sciences
mr_diba@sums.ac.ir
Ameneh
Sazgarnia
0000-0002-4950-9620
Medical Physics Dept., Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
sazgarniaa@mums.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32804.1397
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Mitoxantrone (MX) has been introduced as a photosensitizer drug. However, due to some side effects, the widespread use of this drug has been confronted with some limitations. Hollow gold nanoshells (HGN) have attracted considerable attention due to their interesting photochemical features that can use as nanocarrier. In this paper, the thermal response of MX and the use of this property for thermal effects during the photodynamic process by MX-conjugated HGN were investigated.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> After optimizing the synthesis of ultimate nanostructure, the characteristics of pharmacological agents including MX, HGN, methoxy polyethylene glycol (mPEG)-HGN, and MX-mPEG-HGN were determined. Then, the thermal response of MX was determined at 0-50°C. Finally, by applying light irradiation with a non-coherent source at a wavelength of 670 nm and exposures of 0 to 50 j/cm<sup>2</sup>, the profile release and temperature variation in MX-mPEG-HGN were determined.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The zeta potentials of HGN and MX were negative, which resulted in electrostatic repulsion between them. In order to solve this challenge, the surface modification of HGN with mPEG was performed, resulting in the chemical bonding of the drug with the nanostructures and increasing the stability of the final nanostructure. With increasing temperature, the optical density of the drug at 660 nm significantly increased, which is an effective induction of photodynamic effect.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>In this study, we used mPEG-HGN as the nanocarrier for MX. Also, the thermal behavior of MX was recognized as an important factor in increasing temperature that could improve the photodynamic process.
Mitoxantrone,Nanoshells,Photodynamic,Photothermal
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11234.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11234_6c001cf0dbde87ecc99a5729e742a35d.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Optimization of Head CT Protocol to Reduce the Absorbed Dose in Eye Lenses and Thyroid: A Phantom Study
64
74
EN
Parva
Kalhor
0000-0003-4866-4458
Tehran University of medical Sciences school of Allied medical Sciences, Tehran province, Tehran, Keshavarz Blvd., Ghods Street, District 6, Farre danesh
parva91k@gmail.com
Vahid
Changizi
Tehran University of Medical Sciences school of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran, Tehran Province, Tehran, Keshavarz BLVD., Ghods Street, District 6, Farre danesh
changizi@tums.ac.ir
Seyed Abolfazl
Hosseini
Sharif University of Technology Department of Energy Engineering, Iran, Tehran province, Tehran, Azadi Street
sahosseini@sharif.edu
Elahe
Jazayeri
Tehran University of Medical Sciences school of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran, Tehran Province, Tehran, Keshavarz BLVD., Ghods Street, District 6, Farre danesh
ejazayeri@tums.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.29348.1315
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Utilization of computed tomography (CT) scans is increasing annually. This study aimed to reduce the absorbed dose of sensitive organs in the head (eye lenses and thyroid) and to assess changes in resultant images quality in head scans when the radiation dose is decreased.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> An anthropomorphic phantom was examined with head protocols in both helical and sectional modes using two 16-slice CT scanners. The entrance surface dose of eye lenses and thyroid was measured with standard protocols and after reducing the mAS and kilo-voltage using thermo-luminescence dosimeters (TLDs).<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In sectional mode with standard protocol, the highest surface dose was 2.3 mSv<sup>1</sup> for eye lens and 0.021 mSv for thyroid in hospital A. Moreover, in helical mode with standard protocol, the highest surface dose was 0.964 and 0.02 mSv for eye lens and thyroid in hospital B, respectively. Reducing tube current and kilovoltage decreased the dose up to 35% for eye lens and 45% for thyroid in hospital A. By the mentioned reductions a dose decrease of up to 40% was achieved for both eye lens and thyroid in hospital B. There were no considerable differences in image quality between scans with standard protocol and the protocols of reduced parameters.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Head CT scans with standard factors conduce to images with the best quality. It may be possible to diminish the absorbed dose up to 40% without losing information, especially in follow up head scans.
Computed Tomography (CT),Eye Lens,Thyroid
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10719.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10719_7b1a7fc23f89986d61826922595d91b1.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Studies on Genotoxic Effects of Mobile Phone Radiation on A375 Cells
75
84
EN
Debashri
Manna
Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, India
debashri.micro@gmail.com
Sagar
Sanyal
Dept. of Physiology, West Bengal University of Animal and Fishery Sciences, 37, K. B. Sarani, Kolkata– 700037, West Bengal, India
sanyal57@rediffmail.com
Rita
Ghosh
Department of Biochemistry &amp; Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, Nadia, India
rghosh_bcbp@klyuniv.ac.in
10.22038/ijmp.2018.29992.1329
<strong><em>Introduction: </em></strong>Radiation from cell phones has been associated with an increased risk of cancer. The literature has reported evidence of certain biological effects resulting from exposure to various wavelengths, doses, and intensities of radiofrequency radiation. The present study aimed to evaluate the possible adverse effects of radiation from a GSM mobile phone operating at 900 MHz on human melanoma A375 cells.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods: </em></strong>Cellular morphology was observed under an inverted phase contrast microscope. Cell viability was determined through trypan blue dye exclusion and clonogenic assay. Moreover, flow cytometry was applied to detect DNA damage, cell cycle arrest, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Cellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content was estimated by measuring the total soluble thiol. In addition, the physico-chemical changes were assessed using spectrophotometer and viscometer.<br /> <strong><em>Results: </em></strong>This study revealed that there was no change in cellular morphology and necrotic cell killing; although a small effect was observed on delayed cell death. Depletion in GSH content was noted, but ROS generation was not significantly different from that of the control group. No DNA damage was found during such exposure and there was no alteration in cell cycle distribution. <em>In vitro</em> evaluation of radiation effect on calf thymus DNA showed a slight perturbation in absorption spectra that was completely reversible with time. On the other hand, viscometric analysis showed no changes.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>From the findings, it can be concluded that this range of mobile phone radiation for 60 min of continuous exposure has no genotoxic impact on A375 cells.
Cell Cycle Arrest,DNA damage,Electromagnetic Radiation,Reduced Glutathione,Reactive Oxygen Species,Viability
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11212.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11212_ea6ad7ca2549253741bacd9c33e22957.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Patient-Specific Radiation Dose and Cancer Risk in Computed Tomography Examinations in Ondo, Nigeria
85
90
EN
Tajudeen
Ayinde
Olaniyan
0000-0002-5129-0533
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
olaniyanayinde@gmail.com
Caleb
Ayoade
Aborisade
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
caborisade@yahoo.com
Fatai
Akintunde
Balogun
0000-0002-3003-2869
Centre for Energy Research and Development, OAU, Ile-Ife. Nigeria
baladisa@yahoo.com
Sulaiman
Ogunsina
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
goldandglass4dm@gmail.co
Aminu
Saidu
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto Nigeria
amsakoko@gmail.com
Mark
Ibrahim
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria
aboyede2010@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.23516.1234
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> The dose in computed tomography (CT) often approach or exceed the optimum levels, thereby increasing the probability of cancer induction. With wide application of this diagnostic test, it is expedient to determine the effective dose (ED) for each patient to estimate their cancer risk. This study was conducted to investigate the patient-specific dose (PSD) and cancer risk in CT examinations in Ondo, Nigeria.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The study was conducted on 160 patients undergoing eight most common types of CT examinations performed at the center, from December 5, 2015 to February 28, 2016. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated for each patient using demographic data, PSD was determined and estimation of the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) of cancer was accomplished using the Biologic Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII (2006) report phase 2 models.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> From the results, radiation doses varied significantly within and between the types of CT examinations. The mean ED was 5.88±3.75 mSv in a range of 0.78-19.00 mSv. The mean PSD was 0.274±0.229 mSv/kgm<sup>-2</sup> in a range of 0.024-1.555 mSv/kgm<sup>-2</sup> and the mean LAR of cancer incidence was 0.04861±0.03996 Sv<sup>-1 </sup>in a range of 0.00004-0.21942 Sv<sup>-1</sup>.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>ED and PSD varied within and across the CT examinations. In this regard, the coefficients of variation of ED for abdominal, cranial, craniocervical, abdomen/pelvis, thoracic, thoracoabdominal, cervical spine, and pelvis were 5.7%, 6.6%, 3.9%, 8.9%,3.7%, 6.0%, 44.7%, and 19.2%, respectively. Accordingly, the coefficients of variation of PSD were 9.0%, 7.9%, 7.0%, 10.1%,5.6%,23.8%, 47.7%, and 14.2%.
Computed Tomography (CT),Radiation Protection,Eeffective Dose,BEIR VII Model,Risk Assessment
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11073.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11073_655a046d613f07a655a82d06e6cc2c42.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
The Effect of Breast Phantom Material on the Dose Distribution in AccuBoost Brachytherapy
91
97
EN
Maryam
Papie
0000-0002-2879-3749
Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
maryam.papi1@gmail.com
Reza
Faghihi
0000000332386887
Nuclear Engineering Department, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
faghihir@shirazu.ac.ir
Sedigheh
Sina
0000-0001-5890-9645
Radiation Research Center, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
samirasina@yahoo.com
Samira
Sarshogh
Nuclear Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
s.sarshogh@shirazu.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.28204.1303
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Long-term teletherapy program is not suitable for old and working patients and those living in areas where little access to primary health care is available. Accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) using high dose rate (HDR) brachytherapy is an appropriate alternative for these patients due to its limited number of fractions. The AccuBoost is a system for delivering APBI. The brachytherapy dose is delivered from parallel-opposed beams from <sup>192</sup>Ir sources in circle applicators. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of breast phantom material on the dose distribution in AccuBoost brachytherapy using Monte Carlo N-Particle method.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> In this study,different inhomogeneous breast phantoms composed of various materials were simulated. Dosimetric evaluations including a comparison of dose distribution between different breast phantom materials and water phantom was performed.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> There was no significant difference between the breast and water phantoms in terms of mean dose values in different positions of each phantom. The most significant differences between the doses of different compositions and water were found to be about 6% near the skin.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>No significant differences were observed between the breast phantoms composed of diverse materials and water phantoms considering the dose distributions. Therefore, it is not necessary to replace the current treatment planning systems using Task Group No. 43 formalism with combined model-based and patient-specific dosimetry methods.
Breast Density,Cancer Treatment,Dosimetry Calculation,Radiation,Peripheral Device
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10377.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_10377_1bf6725cdfdc432ee31db9642087f85c.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Natural Radioactivity Level of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K Radionuclides in Drinking Water of Residential Areas in Kermanshah Province, Iran using Gamma Spectroscopy
98
102
EN
Marzban
Parhoudeh
M.Sc in Medical Physics, Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
ma.parhode@gmail.com
Karim
Khoshgard
0000-0003-3629-3389
Assistant Professor in Medical Physics, Department of Medical Physics&amp; Medical Engineering, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
khoshgardk@gmail.com
Mohammad Reza
Zare
Malek Ashtar University, Isfahan, Iran.
m_r_zare@yahoo.com
Ali
Ebrahiminia
Assistant Professor in Medical Physics, Department of Biochemistry &amp; Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
ebrahiminia@gums.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30012.1332
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Human has always been exposed to background ionizing radiation. Interaction between ionizing radiation and the biological system can lead to changes in cells or tissues inducing diseases, such as cancer. With this background in mind, this experimental study aimed to evaluate the specific activity of water radionuclides in Kermanshah province, western region of Iran.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The specific activities of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K radionuclides in drinking water were assessed by gamma-ray spectrometer with high-purity Germanium detector. The water samples were collected from different towns (14 sites) in Kermanshah province on winter and summer seasons.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The mean specific activity levels of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K radionuclides in Bq/l were 0.53±0.28, 1.07±0.43, and 7.17±5.37 in winter, respectively. In addition, during summer the mean specific activities of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K were 0.61±0.20, 0.76±0.36, and 5.67±3.7 Bq/l, respectively. Contributions of the consumed water samples to annual effective dose for these radionuclides in adults was calculated to be in the range of 0.0015-0.24 mSv/y with the mean of 0.15 mSv/y.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Findings of the present study demonstrate that the radioactivity level in drinking water due to <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, and <sup>40</sup>K radionuclides in Kermanshah province is lower than the guidance levels recommended by the World Health Organization report (WHO-2011). Moreover, the mean annual effective dose caused by these radionuclides in Kermanshah province is lower than the global average level (0.29 mSv/y) reported by United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR 2000).
Drinking Water Gamma Spectroscopy Iran,Kermanshah Natural Radioactivity
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11053.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11053_5d8ef498e13ef2d493c1c9cb6324e1a4.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Absorbed Dose Calculation In Irregular Blocked Radiation Fields: Evaluation of Clarkson’s Sector Integration Method for Radiation Fields Commonly Used in Conventional Radiotherapy
103
111
EN
Muhammad
Shahban
Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute of Nawabshah (NORIN) Pakistan
shahban_butt@yahoo.com
Muhammad
Waqar
Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah,
Pakistan
phy_waqar@yahoo.com
Quratulain
Soomro
Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute of Nawabshah (NORIN) Pakistan
quratulainsoomro@yahoo.com
Muhammad
Qasim
Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute of Nawabshah (NORIN) Pakistan
qasim9902@yahoo.co.uk
Umar
Ijaz
Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute of Nawabshah (NORIN) Pakistan
gautahir@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.27328.1285
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Irregular/blocked fields are routinely used in radiotherapy. The doses of these fields are usually calculated by means of equivalent square method that is inherently prone to uncertainty. On the other hand, Clarkson’s sector integration method is a dose calculation method which offers far better accuracy in dose calculation of irregular fields. The Scatter Air Ratio (SAR) of an individual sector, in which whole field has been divided, is calculated and averaged over all sectors to find total SAR for the whole field. Percentage depth dose (PDD) and tissue-maximum ratio (TMR) for irregularly shaped beams can be calculated by the SAR values using the standard relationships of these measurement quantities.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The present study was conducted on 40 actual patient treatment fields. The PDD values for depths up to 15 cm were calculated using both Clarkson’s sector integration method and conventional methods, and their results were compared with the measured PDDs for all patients.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Maximum deviation for Clarkson’s calculation was under 2.7% for any field size, shape, and depth. However for conventional methods, this value exceeded ±5.5% for some field shapes, specifically at larger depths.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Better results of sector integration are more prominent for field shapes with a large field size and a shielded area of regular shape. For the treatment fields with a very large degree of approximation for assessing reduced field size, Clarkson’s method is the most accurate technique for the calculation of absorbed dose.
Cancer,Field Size,Radiation Dosimetry,Radiotherapy
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11247.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11247_3f3264977d8f2ba81f9e6726585d7c55.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
1
2019
01
01
Effects of High Doses of X-Ray on Hematological Parameters and Morphology of Red Blood Cells in Human Blood
112
119
EN
Ali
Hussein
Taqi
Physics Department, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq.
alitaqi@uokirkuk.edu.iq
kharmen
Faraj
0000-0002-7705-3026
Department of Physics, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Iraq
kharman.faraj@univsul.edu.iq
Sarah
Zaynal
Department of Physics, College of Science, Kirkuk University, Kirkuk, Iraq
sarah44queen@gmail.com
Jalil
Said
CT Scan & MRI Department, Kirkuk General Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq
jalil_said23@yahoo.co.uk
Ahmed
Hameed
Hematology Laboratory, Kirkuk General Hospital, Kirkuk, Iraq
ahmed_hameed9@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31184.1366
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of X-ray radiation on some hematological parameters, morphology of red blood cells (RBC) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) analysis of human blood using computed tomography (CT) scanner.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> For the purpose of the study, 5 ml of wholeblood was drawn from vein puncture of 28 healthy people and divided into two equal parts in ethylendiamintetracetic acid (EDTA) tubes. The first 28 tubes were assigned as the controls. The second 28 tubes were divided into 4 groups of 7 cases, irradiated to (3, 6, 9, and 12) Gy, X-ray from a computed tomography CT-scan machine.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results showed that no significant difference was observed for the hematological parameters and ESR analysis. However, there was a significant decrease in the radius of RBCs.In this regard, the mean RBC counts were obtained as 6.267 ± 0.528, 6.867 ± 0.476, 7.167 ± 0.535, and 6.55 ± 0.295 μm after exposure to the radiation doses of 3, 6, 9, and 12 Gy, respectively. The crenation of the cells was also observed, and the percentage of crenation were <5%, 15%, 40%, and 60% after irradiation to 3, 6, 9, and 12 Gy, respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The in vitro irradiation of human blood to different X-ray doses (i.e.,3, 6, 9, and 12 Gy), resulted in the enhancement of RBCs crenation with increasing the dose, and reduction of the cell radius compared to those in the control groups. However, the hematological parameters and ESR analysis were not statistically affected.
blood Cells,CT Scan,Exposure,X-Ray
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11290.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11290_d2c9f2686471c070d586d8dc6d18a88d.pdf