Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Generating Synthetic Computed Tomography and Synthetic Magnetic Resonance (sMR: sT1w/sT2w) Images of the Brain Using Atlas-Based Method
189
194
EN
Fariba
Farhadi Birgani
0000-0002-2534-8623
Department of Medical Physics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
farhadibirgani.f92@gmail.com
Mohamad Javad
Tahmasebi Birgani
Radiation Therapy and Medical Physics Department, Golestan Hospital, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
kamran.samani67@gmail.com
Roghayeh
Kamran Samani
0000-0002-4752-3971
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
kamran.samani65@gmail.com
Fatemeh
Maghsoodinia
0000-0002-8155-806X
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
f.maghsood@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32719.1399
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in combination with computed-tomography (CT) is increasingly being used in radiation therapy planning. MR and CT images are applied to determine the target volume and calculate dose distribution, respectively. Since the use of these two imaging modalities causes registration uncertainty and increases department workload and costs, in this study, brain synthetic CT (sCT) and synthetic MR (sMR: sT1w/sT2w) images were generated using Atlas-based method; consequently, just one type of image (CT or MR) is taken from the patient.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The dataset included MR and CT paired images from 10 brain radiotherapy (RT) patients. To generate sCT/sMR images, first each MR/CT Atlas was registered to the MR/CT target image, the resulting transformation was applied to the corresponding CT/MR Atlas, which created the set of deformed images. Then, the deformed images were fused to generate a single sCT/sMR image, and finally, the sCT/sMR images were compared to the real CT/MR images using the mean absolute error (MAE).<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results showed that the MAE of sMR (sT1w/sT2w) was less than that of sCT images. Moreover, sCT images based on T1w were in better agreement with real CT than sCT-based T2w. In addition, sT1w images represented a lower MAE relative to sT2w.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The CT target image was more successful in transferring the geometry of the brain tissues to the synthetic image than MR target.
Computed Tomography Magnetic Resonance Imaging,Radiotherapy
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11533.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11533_768a0ff439faaec1a861f84d357badba.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Performance Evaluation of Diagnostic X-Ray Equipment Regarding the Hospital Size in the Republic of Korea
195
199
EN
Dongjun
Jang
Radiological Science, Gachon University Medical Campus, Incheon, Korea
jun_4145@naver.com
sungchul
Kim
0000-0002-4195-1297
Radiological Science, Gachon University Medical Campus, Incheon, Korea
ksc@gachon.ac.kr
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33867.1422
<em> </em><br /> <strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> The Republic of Korea has developed a national standard based on which diagnostic X-ray equipment must be tested every 3 years. Accordingly, the performance of X-ray equipment used in all hospitals is evaluated by national certification bodies in compliance with the safety management regulations for X-ray equipment. However, if the equipment is non-compliant, its use must be stopped until it satisfies the accepted standards.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> In compliance with the safety management regulations for diagnostic X-ray equipment, hospitals in this study were divided into two groups, namely the general hospital group and the clinic group with diagnostic X-ray equipment. The samples in this study were composed of 11 and 18 machines selected randomly from general hospitals and clinics, respectively, which satisfied the acceptance standards since last year in both groups. The evaluation of diagnostic X-ray machines was based on the results obtained from X-ray tube voltage, tube current, exposure time accuracy, and the X-ray dose reproducibility.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The X-ray machines of the general hospital group followed all national standards. However, those of the clinic group failed to satisfy the requirements of tube voltage, tube current, exposure time accuracy, and X-ray dose reproducibility.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Clinics require their own quality control to reduce unnecessary medical radiation exposure due to the poor X-ray equipment performance. Moreover, it is suggested that the test period of the safety management regulations on diagnostic X-ray equipment need to be shorter than three years.
Diagnostic Equipment Quality Control Reproducibility,safety management
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11409.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11409_ad423bce453674706596ea6c8952c114.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Measurements of Photon Beam Flattening Filter Using an Anisotropic Analytical Algorithm and Electron Beam Employing Electron Monte Carlo
200
209
EN
mohammed el adnani
krabch
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V
University, Rabat, Morocco &amp; Sheikh Khalifa Ibn Zaid Hospital
krabch.adnani@gmail.com
Abdelouahed
Chetaine
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V
University, Rabat, Morocco
chetaine@fsr.ac.ma
kamal
Saidi
Physics Department, Faculty of sciences, Mohamed V university, Rabat, Morocco
contact@saidikamal.com
Fatima zohra
ERRADI
Nuclear reactor, nuclear security and environment group, Physics Department, Faculty of Sciences, Mohamed V
University, Rabat, Morocco
fatimazohra.erradi@gmail.com
Abdelati
NOURREDDINE
Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
nabdelati@gmail.com
yassine
benkhouya
Physics Department,Faculty of sciences, Mohamed V university, Rabat, Morocco.
benkhouyassine@gmail.com
Redouane
El Baydaoui
0000-0003-2037-4491
Laboratory of technology and medical science, unity of biomedical instrumentation and medical physics, Higher Institute of Health Sciences; University Hassan I.
baydaoui@gmail.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31544.1372
<em> </em><br /> <strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> This study aimed to report the measurement of photon and electron beams to configure the Analytical Anisotropic Algorithm and Electron Monte Carlo used in clinical treatment.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> All measurements were performed in a large water phantom using a 3-dimensional scanning system (PTW, Germany). For photon beams, the data were measured with a 0.125cc cylindrical chamber. For electron, the data were performed with a Roos chamber.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> In photon beams, flatness and symmetry for reference field size 10×10cm<sup>2</sup> were within the tolerance intervals. Flatness were 0.79% and 1.55% for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. Symmetry were 0.57 and 0.25 for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. The output factor vary between 0.83 and 1.11 for X6MV. Moreover, it varies between 0.74 and 1.09 for X18MV. The leaf transmission factors were 0.97% for X6MV and1.14% for X18MV. The DLG were 1.31 and 1.34 for X6MV and X18MV, respectively. For electron beams, the quality index R<sub>50</sub> for applicator 15×15cm<sup>2 </sup>were in the tolerance. Maximum depth dose for 6, 9, 12, 16 and 20MeV were 1.2, 1.9, 2.7, 2.99 and 2.4cm, respectively. Bremsstrahlung tail were 6MeV–2.86cm, 9MeV–4.32cm, 12MeV–5.96cm, 16MeV–7.93cm, and 20MeV–10.08cm per energy levels.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The obtained results and international recommendations were in a good agrement
Linear accelerator Algorithm,Monte Carlo Method Radiotherapy
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11715.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11715_97606f715bb6b54b7c853065c872cd67.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Measurement of Radioactivity Levels and Health Risks in the Surrounding Soil of Shazand Refinery Complex in Arak, Iran, Using Gamma-Ray Spectrometry Method
210
216
EN
Monire
Mohebian
0000-0002-1279-8748
Department of Physics,
Faculty of Science,
Arak University,
m-mohebian@phd.araku.ac.ir
Reza
Pourimani
0000-0002-0102-0578
Department of Nuclear Physics,
Faculty of Science
Arak University,
Arak 38156
Iran
r-pourimani@araku.ac.ir
10.22038/ijmp.2018.33519.1412
<strong><em>ntroduction:</em></strong> The purpose of this study was to measure the radioactivity in the agricultural soil of south-east of Shazand Refinery Complex to determine both reliable baseline data on the radiation level and the radiation dose exposure to the farmers and inhabitants of the studied area.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> This study was conducted on 21 soil samples collected from two different lands. Sampling spots in each land were selected for the assessment of specific activities of radionuclides of <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, <sup>40</sup>K, and<sup>137</sup>Cs by using high purity germanium detector setup. Standards of International Atomic Energy Agency references material gamma ray uranium, reference gamma-ray thorium, and reference gamma-ray potassium were used for quality control and determining efficiency calibration. All samples were examined for radium equivalent, absorbed gamma dose rate, internal hazard index, external radiation hazard, annual gonadal dose equivalent, indoor and outdoor annual effective dose equivalent, and excess lifetime cancer risk. <br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The specific activities of radionuclides <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>232</sup>Th, <sup>40</sup>K, and <sup>137</sup>Cs varied from13.12 to 33.03, 11.3 to 35.86, 257.82 to 605.5, and 1.28 to 13.36 Bq/kg, respectively. Moreover, the results of this study were compared with those reported from other countries and worldwide average.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>Although all samples were polluted by the <sup>137</sup>Cs fission product, the measured values were within the global reported safety limits. Therefore, there is no risk for farmers and inhabitants in this region.
Natural radioactivity,Radionuclides Dosage Radiation Health Risk
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11498.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11498_e19823b4082770c59250c02006bfe74a.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Vulvar Cancer: Dosimetric Comparison of Advanced 3D Conformal Radiation Therapy Technique with Anteroposterior and Posteroanterior Irradiation Techniques
217
223
EN
Abdelati
NOURREDDINE
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
nabdelati@gmail.com
El Amin
MARNOUCHE
Department of radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
elaminmarnouche@gmail.com
Mohammed El Adnani
KRABCH
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
krabch.adnani@gmail.com
Rajaa
CHERKAOUI EL MOURSLI
Department of Physics, Laboratory of Nuclear physics, Faculty of Science, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
rajaa.cherkaoui@um5.ac.ma
Noureddine
BENJAAFAR
Department of radiotherapy, National Institute of Oncology, Rabat, Morocco
n.benjaafar@um5s.net.ma
10.22038/ijmp.2018.29248.1321
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> The commonly used technique of radiation therapy for vulvar cancer consists of anteroposterior (AP) and posteroanterior (PA) fields. This is the first study that reports the dosimetric comparison between the AP-PA techniques and the new 3D advanced conformal technique (3D-ACT) based on the multiplicity of treatment fields in patients with squamous cell cancer of the vulva in the postoperative setting.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> This comparative planning study was conducted on15 patients with vulvar carcinoma treated with adjuvant radiation therapy at the National Institute of Oncology in Rabat, Morocco. Three treatment plans were performed, corresponding to three techniques, namely photons with source-skin distance inguinal supplement, modified segmental boost technique and 3D advanced conformal technique. For each plan, the dose-volume histogram was used to generate planning target volumes (total and inguinal PTV) and organs at risk (bladder, rectum, bowel and femoral heads) parameters.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The 95% isodose volume was significantly reduced with the advanced conformal technique (p <0.0001) without compromising the total PTV coverage (P= 0.94). This technique resulted in the best conformity and homogeneity index. The 3D-ACT decreased significantly the PTVs D<sub>max</sub> and D<sub>mean</sub> (p <0.0001), and offered better homogeneity for inguinal PTV (i.e., 1.07±0.01, p <0.0001).The 3D-ACT decreased the rectum absorbed dose, V40 (volume receiving ≥40Gy), V45, and D<sub>max</sub>to50.21±27.21, 22.81±10.22, and 46.56±1.11, respectively. With regard to femoral heads, the 3D-ACT decreased the D<sub>max</sub> and V45 in comparison to the other two techniques.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>The 3D-ACT seems to be an alternative to the AP-PA irradiation techniques in postoperative setting when IMRT is unavailable.
Vulvar cancer,Dosimetric comparison,3-D Conformal Radiotherapy,Planning Techniques
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11421.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11421_d05ed4d3604500cdb1c7f528e873ba4a.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Calculation of Inter- and Intra-Fraction Motion Errors at External Radiotherapy Using a Markerless Strategy Based on Image Registration Combined with Correlation Model
224
231
EN
Payam
Samadi Miandoab
0000-0002-4337-1245
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medical Radiation Group, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haft Bagh Highway, Knowledge Paradise, Kerman, Iran.
p.samadi1989@gmail.com
Ahmad
Esmaili Torshabi
0000-0001-7844-4216
Medical Radiation Division, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng. Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
ahmad4958@gmail.com
Sohelia
parandeh
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Medical Radiation Group, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Haft Bagh Highway, Knowledge Paradise, Kerman, Iran.
soheila.parand@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.30477.1348
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> A new method based on image registration technique and an intelligent correlation model to calculate. The present study aimed to propose inter- and intra-fraction motion errors in order to address the limitations of conventional Patient positioning methods.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> The configuration of the markerless method was accomplished by using four-dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) datasets. Firstly, the MeVisLab software package was used to extract a three-dimensional (3D) surface model of the patient and determine the tumor location. Then, the patient-specific 3D surface model which also included the breathing phases was imported into the MATLAB software package in order to define several control points on the thorax region as virtual external markers. Finally, based on the correlation of breathing signals/patient position with breathing signals/tumor coordinate, an adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system was proposed to both verify and align the inter- and intra-fraction motion errors in radiotherapy, if needed. In order to validate the proposed method, the 4DCT data acquired from four real patients was considered.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Final results revealed that our hybrid configuration method was capable of aligning patient setup with lower uncertainties, compared to other available methods. In addition, the 3D root-mean-square error has been reduced from 5.26 to 1.5 mm for all patients.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>In this study, a markerless method based on the image registration technique in combination with a correlation model was proposed to address the limitations of the available methods, including dependence on operator’s attention, use of passive markers, and rigid-only constraint for patient setup.
Image Processing,Image Guided Radiation Therapy (IGRT),patient positioning
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11054.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11054_3f137c26b93885b85ad54146b82b6790.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Penumbra Measurements and Comparison of In-House and Standard Circular Cones by the Gafchoromic Film, Pinpoint Ion Chamber, and MCNPX Monte Carlo Simulation
232
240
EN
Sareh
Tajiki
0000-0002-8083-7374
Radiotherapy Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran, Iran.
tajiki.sareh@gmail.com
hassan
ali
nedaie
0000-0003-0915-8296
radiotherapy oncology department, cancer research centre, Tehran university of medical sciences,Tehran,Iran
nedaieha@sina.tums.ac.ir
Mahbod
Esfehani
Radiotherapeutic Oncology Department of Cancer Institute, Tehran, Iran
md_esfahani@yahoo.com
Ghazale
Geraily
0000-0003-2616-5586
Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
ghazalegraily@yahoo.com
mohsen
hassani
Department of Radiotherapy Physics, Cancer Research Centre, cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
hasanimohsen33@gmail.com
Ali
Rastjoo Ardakani
0000-0002-8542-1773
Tehran University of Medical Sciences
rastjoo@razi.tums.ac.ir
Ehsan
Mohammadi
Radiotherapy Oncology Research Center, Cancer Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
ehsamn@yahoo.com
mansur
naderi
Radiotherapy Oncology Department, Cancer Research Centre, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
mans_1348@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32356.1387
<strong><em>Introduct</em></strong><em>i<strong>on:</strong></em> Penumbra is an important property of the radiation beam to obtain a suitable margin surrounding the target volume. Therefore, the precise penumbra width determination in stereotactic radiotherapy is necessary for treatment planning. This study aimed to compare the obtained results of penumbra width by in-house and standard circular cones by different dosimeters, as well as evaluating the function of EBT3 for dosimetric properties of the small field radiation.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> Different circular cones were mounted on the head of the accelerator to produce 12, 20, and 40 mm field sizes at isocenter. Dosimetric measurements were performed with the EBT3 film, PinPoint ion chamber. Afterwards, MCNPX Monte Carlo simulation was used to evaluate the dosimetric parameters.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> According to the obtained results, the penumbra width was increased by larger diameters of circular cones. The obtained measured data by PinPoint ion chamber showed a larger penumbra width compared to those calculated by Monte Carlo at all field sizes. The gamma index analysis revealed distance-to-agreement and dose-difference of 2 mm /2%/ at all points. The results of this study showed that source to diaphragm distance had a major role in penumbra size determination of small field dosimetry with PinPoint ion chamber, EBT3 film, and Monte Carlo simulation.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>As findings of this study reported, EBT3 films are reliable detectors for relative dosimetry due to high spatial resolution for small field sizes. Furthermore, they can be used for measuring beam profile and percentage depth dose curves.
Monte Carlo Method,small field,penumbra,Gafchromic Film Stereotactic Radiotherapy
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11751.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11751_12b5f76131828b26ac5603eb0dae519d.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Breast Cancer Diagnosis from Perspective of Class Imbalance
241
249
EN
Jue
Zhang
0000-0002-0668-4576
Scholl of Information and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an,China
zhangjue@stumail.nwu.edu.cn
Li
Chen
0000-0000-0000-0000
shool of Information and Technology, Northwest Nniversity, Xi'an, Chian
chenli@nwu.edu.cn
10.22038/ijmp.2018.31600.1373
<strong><em>Introduction:</em></strong> Breast cancer is the second cause of mortality among women. Early detection is the only rescue to reduce the risk of breast cancer mortality. Traditional methods cannot effectively diagnose tumor since they are based on the assumption of well-balanced dataset.. However, a hybrid method can help to alleviate the two-class imbalance problem existing in the diagnosis of breast cancer and establish a more accurate diagnosis.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods: </em></strong>The proposed hybrid approach was based on improved Laplacian score (LS) andK-nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithms called LS-KNN. An improved LS algorithm was used for obtaining the optimal feature subset. The KNN with automatic K was utilized for classifying the data which guaranteed the effectiveness of the proposed method by reducing the computational effort and making the classification more faster. The effectiveness of LS-KNN was also examined on two biased-representative breast cancer datasets using classification accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, and Matthews correlation coefficient.<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> Applying the proposed algorithm on two breast cancer datasets indicated that the efficiency of the new method was higher than the previously introduced methods. The obtained values of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, and Matthews correlation coefficient were 99.27%, 99.12%, 99.51%, 99.42%, respectively.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion:</em></strong> Experimental results showed that the proposed approach worked well with breast cancer datasets and could be a good alternative to the well-known machine learning methods
Breast Cancer,classification,imbalance,Computer aided diagnosis
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11544.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11544_41bfd081e4a14c065e7902efd1ad73fe.pdf
Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
Iranian Journal of Medical Physics
2345-3672
16
3
2019
05
01
Effects of Short-term Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields Emitted by 3G and 4G Mobile Phones on Reaction Time and Short-term Memory
250
254
EN
Mohammad Mehdi
Movahedi
0000-0002-2816-4168
Department of Medical Physics and Medical Engineering, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
mehdi_movahedi@yahoo.com
Ali
Tavakoli Golpayegani
0000-0002-2816-4168
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
tavakoli.golpa@gmail.com
Arash
Safari
0000-0002-2816-4168
Department of Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
arash.safari1985@gmail.com
Samad
Amani
0000-0002-2816-4168
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
samad.amani@yahoo.com
10.22038/ijmp.2018.32826.1398
<strong><em>Introduct</em></strong><em>i<strong>on:</strong></em> There have been many studies conducted on the effects of mobile phones radiations on people’s health due to increasing number of mobile phones users. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of electromagnetic waves generated from 3G and 4G mobile phone radiations on student’s reaction time and short-term memory.<br /> <strong><em>Material and Methods:</em></strong> This was a cross-sectional and descriptive-analytic study. A sample of 85 medical students from Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in the age range of 18-22 years was selected. After 10-min exposure to 3G and 4G mobile waves without any prognoses if mobile phone was on or off, response time and short-term memory tests were taken at once. The groups then left laboratory for about 2 h to take a rest, and they came back to laboratory to carry out the second mode of testing after two h (mobile phones on or off related to previous test). Both tests were performed in the afternoon to make students almost identical in terms of daily fatigue conditions. The data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19) using t-test technique. The difference was statistically considered significant (p <0.05).<br /> <strong><em>Results:</em></strong> The results revealed that the reaction time and average short-term memory following the exposure to electromagnetic waves emitted from mobile 3G and 4G mobile phones increased and decreased, respectively. However, this difference was only significant in the reaction time. The electromagnetic waves generated by the 3G and 4G mobile phones led to slower response time among students under emission, compared to the control group.<br /> <strong><em>Conclusion: </em></strong>According to our findings, it can be concluded that the frequency of electromagnetic waves increased the response to stimulus time.
Electromagnetic Fields,Mobile Phone Data,Radiofrequency,Short-Term Memory Reaction Tim
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11785.html
https://ijmp.mums.ac.ir/article_11785_50023ec4903cdd349ec62d9630122213.pdf